Prof. Dr.-Ing Jochen H.

Schiller
Inst. of Computer Science
Freie Universität Berlin
Germany

Mobile Communications
Chapter 1: Introduction

Utpalananda Chowdhury (Utpal)

Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Rajshahi
Courtesy-Prof. Dr. Jochen H. Shiller, Freie University, Berlin

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2018 1.1

Computers for the next decades?
Computers are integrated (>95% embedded systems!)
- small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices (see M. Weiser/invisible computer)

Technology is in the background

- computer are aware of their environment and adapt (“location awareness”)
- computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, message forwarding,
“context awareness”)

Advances in technology
- more computing power in smaller devices
- flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
- new user interfaces due to small dimensions
- more bandwidth per cubic meter
- multiple wireless interfaces: NFC, piconets, wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless
telecommunication networks, VLC etc.

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Mobile communication
Two aspects of mobility:
- user mobility: users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, with anyone”
- device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile Examples

  high performance cluster
  notebook in a hotel, on-board networks
  wireless LANs in historic buildings, ad-hoc infrastructure replacement
  Smartphone

The demand for mobile communication created already decades ago the need for integration of wireless networks
into existing fixed networks:
- local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11
- Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
- wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN, VoIP over WLAN and POTS

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Applications I
Vehicles
- transmission of news, road condition, weather, music/video via DAB/DVB-T2/LTE
- personal communication using GSM/UMTS/LTE
- positioning via GPS
- local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy
- vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies
- early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis
- replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.
- crisis, war, ...

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Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, c
DAB, LTE, GSM, ho
ad
cdma2000, TETRA, ...

Smartphone,
Laptop, Tablet, LTE,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, NFC ...
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Mobile and wireless services – Always Best Connected

LTE LAN
DSL/ GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s 10 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s,
WLAN Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN
50 Mbit/s 300 Mbit/s

UMTS
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
UMTS, GSM
GSM 115 kbit/s,
384 kbit/s
WLAN 11 Mbit/s
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Applications II
Traveling salesmen
- direct access to customer files stored in a central location
- consistent databases for all agents
- mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

- remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
- flexibility for trade shows
- LANs in historic buildings
History
Info

Entertainment, education, ...

- outdoor Internet access
- intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information
- ad-hoc networks for multi user games

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Location dependent services
Location aware services
- what services, e.g., printer, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment

Follow-on services
- automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location

Information services
- “push”: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
- “pull”: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cheese Cake?

Support services
- caches, intermediate results, state information etc. “follow” the mobile device through the fixed network

Privacy
- who should gain knowledge about the location
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Mobile devices
Specialized PDAs Laptop/Notebook
Pager, displays
• graphical displays • fully functional
• receive only
• character recognition • standard applications
• simple text
messages • simplified WWW
• ruggedized

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Smartphone/Tablet
• tiny virtual keyboard
Classical mobile phones • simple(r) versions
• voice, data
of standard applications
• simple graphical displays

performance
No clear separation between device types possible
(e.g. smart phones, embedded PCs, …)
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Effects of device portability
Power consumption
- limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity
- CPU: power consumption ~ CV²f
- C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
- V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
- f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data
- higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

- compromise between size of fingers and portability
- integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited fast memory (always in relation to e.g. PCs)

- Limited/no usage of mass memories with moving parts
- flash-memory or ? as alternative

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Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference
- emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

- frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied

Lower transmission rates

- local some Mbit/s, regional sometimes only, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS or about 150 kbit/s using EDGE – some Mbit/s with LTE
(shared!)

Higher delays, higher jitter

- connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems – in ms range with LTE

Lower security, simpler active attacking

- radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones

Always shared medium

- secure access mechanisms important

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History of wireless communication I
1896 Guglielmo Marconi
- first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!)
- long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kW)

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

- huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi

- reflection at the ionosphere
- smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert
von Lieben)

1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

- wires parallel to the railroad track
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History of wireless communication II
1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 A-Netz in Germany
- analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000
customers
1972 B-Netz in Germany
- analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be
known)
- available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customers in D
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
- goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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History of wireless communication III
1986 C-Netz in Germany
- analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device
- was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage

1991 Specification of DECT

- Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
- 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption,
authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries

1992 Start of GSM

- in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
- automatic location, hand-over, cellular
- roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
- services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

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History of wireless communication IV
1994 E-Netz in Germany
- GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
- as Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

- ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
- recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

- IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
- already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998 Specification of GSM successors

- for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
- Iridium
- 66Jochen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. satellites (+6 spare), MC1.6GHz
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History of wireless communication V
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
- IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
- Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s
- decision about IMT-2000
- several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
- Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
- first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
- access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
- HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
- first GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
- UMTS auctions/beauty contests
- Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ paid in Germany for 6 licenses!)
- Iridium goes bankrupt
2001 Start of 3G systems
- Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan

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History of wireless communication VI
2002
- WLAN hot-spots start to spread
2003
- UMTS starts in Germany
- Start of DVB-T in Germany replacing analog TV
2005
- WiMax starts as DSL alternative (not mobile)
- first ZigBee products
2006
- HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering > 3 Mbit/s
- WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO
- WPA2 mandatory for Wi-Fi WLAN devices
2007
- over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!)
2008
- “real” Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers, decent data rates)
- 7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more than 100 operators support HSPA worldwide, first LTE tests (>100 Mbit/s)
2009 – the story continues with netbooks, iPhone, VoIPoWLAN…
2010 – LTE available in some cities, new frequencies allocated
- Reuse of old analog TV bands, LTE as DSL replacement for rural areas
2015 – VoLTE, LTE@700MHz, LTE advanced
2020 – Start of 5G planned

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Areas of research in mobile communication
Wireless Communication
- transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
- modulation, coding, interference
- media access, regulations
- ...
Mobility
- location dependent services
- location transparency
- quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
- ...
Portability
- power consumption
- limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
- usability
- ...
… and always: security (privacy, data integrity, tracking, encryption, law enforcement…)!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2018 1.18