FUNDAMENTALS OF FREE

SPACE OPTICS
Presented by:
Divya Sisodiya(2K20/MOC/03)

Submitted to:
Mr. Rahul Thakur

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Delhi Technological University, Delhi
August, 2021

11/2/21 MOC 6405 1

 Contents
• Introduction
• FSO Concepts
i. What is Free Space Optics?
ii. Components of FSO
iii. Basic Design of Optical lenses
iv. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of FSO
v. Comparison of FSO with other technologies.
• Light and EM spectrum
• Transmission Windows
• Laser Diodes
• Laser Operations
• Wavelength Selection criteria
References

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 Introduction
FSO communication is considered as an alternative to radio relay link
line-of sight (LOS) communication systems. This study is concentrated
on ground-to-ground free-space laser communications. The importance
of this study is to introduce the FSO technique step by step. concept
of FSO technology, optical wireless transceiver design and FSO main
components and transmission media are presented.

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 FSO Concepts
What is Free Space Optics?
FSO is a line-of-sight technology that uses lasers to provide optical
bandwidth connections or FSO is an optical communication technique
that propagate the light in free space means air, outer space, vacuum,
or something similar to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunication
and computer networking.

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 FSO Concepts
• Operates between the 780 – 1600 nm
wavelengths bands and use O/E and
E/O converters.
• FSO requires light, which can be
focused by using either light emitting
diodes (LEDs) or lasers (light
amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation).
• The use of lasers is a simple concept
similar to optical transmissions using
fiber optic cables; the only
difference is the transmission media.  Typical links are between 300 m and
• Light travels through air faster than 5 km.
it does through glass, so it is fair to  Depending upon the speed and
classify FSO as optical availability longer distances can be
communications at the speed of the deployed such as 8-11km.
light.

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 FSO Block diagram

11/2/21 Block diagram of FSO 6

 FSO Concepts
Components of FSO
FSO components are contain three stages:
• Transmitter to send of optical radiation through the
atmosphere obeys the Beer-Lamberts' law.
• Free space transmission channel where exist the
turbulent eddies (cloud, rain, smoke, gases,
temperature variations, fog and aerosol) and,
• Receiver to process the received signal.
The Beer-Lambert Law (also called Beer’s Law) is a relationship between the attenuation
of light through a substance and the properties of that substance.

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 Basic Design of Optical lenses
• A converging (convex) lens directs • A diverging (concave) lens directs
incoming light inward toward the incoming rays of light outward away
center axis of the beam path. from the axis of the beam path.
• Converging lenses are thicker • Diverging lenses are thinner
across their middle and thinner at across their middle and thicker at
their upper and lower edges their upper and lower edges.

The point where the light converges is called the focal point
and the distance between the lens and the focal point is called
focal length.
 For an optical system in air, it is the distance over which
initially collimated rays are brought to a focus.
 A system with a shorter focal length has greater optical
power than one with a long focal length; that is, it bends
the rays more strongly, bringing them to a focus in a
shorter distance.
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 FSO Concepts
How it works?
• FSO technology is surprisingly simple. It’s based on connectivity
between FSO-based optical wireless units, each consisting of an
optical transceiver with a laser transmitter and a receiver to
provide full-duplex (bi-directional) capability.
• Each optical wireless unit uses a high-power optical source (i.e.
laser), plus a lens or telescope that transmits light through the
atmosphere to another lens receiving the information.
• At this point, the receiving lens or telescope connects to a high-
sensitivity receiver via optical fiber.

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 FSO Concepts
Applications of FSO
• Telecommunication and computer networking.
• Point-to-point LOS links.
• Temporary network installation for events or other purpose as disaster
recovery.
• For communications between spacecraft, including elements of satellite
constellation.
• Security applications.
• Military application (its potential for low electromagnetic emanation when
transferring sensitive data for air forces).
• Metro network extensions: carriers can deploy FSO to extend existing
metropolitan area fiber rings, to connect new networks, and, in their core
infrastructure, to complete SONET rings.

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 FSO Concepts
Applications of FSO
• Enterprise connectivity: the ease with which FSO links can be installed makes
them a natural for interconnecting local area network segments that are housed in
buildings separated by public streets or other right-of-way property.
• Fiber backup: FSO may also be deployed in redundant links to backup fiber in
place of a second fiber link.
• Backhaul: FSO can be used to carry cellular telephone traffic from antenna
towers back to facilities wired into the public switched telephone network.
• Service acceleration: FSO can be also used to provide instant service to fiber-
optic customers while their fiber infrastructure is being laid.
• Last-Mile access: In today’s cities, more than 95% of the buildings do not have
access to the fiber optic infrastructure due to the development of communication
systems after the metropolitan areas. FSO technology seems a promising solution
to the connection of end-users to the service providers or to other existing
networks. Moreover, FSO provides highspeed connection up to Gbps, which is far
more beyond the alternative systems.

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 FSO Concepts
Advantages of FSO
• Long distance up to 8 km.
• High bit rates speed rates: the high bandwidth capability of the fiber
optic of 2.5 Gbps to 10 Gbps achieved with wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM). Modern systems can handle up to 160 signals and can thus expand a
basic 10 Gbit/s system over a signal fiber pair to over 1.6 Tbit/s.
• Immunity from electromagnetic interference: secure cannot be detected
with RF meter or spectrum analyzer, very narrow and directional beams.
• Invisible and eye safe, no health hazards so even a butterfly can fly
unscathed through a beam.
• Low bit error rates (BER) .

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 FSO Concepts
Advantages of FSO
• Absence of side lobes.
• Deployment of FSO systems quickly and easily.
• No Fresnel zone necessary.
• Low maintenance (Practical).
• Lower costs as compared to fiber networks (FSO costs are as low as 1/5 of
fiber network costs).
• License-free long-range operation (in contrast with radio communication).

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 FSO Concepts
Disadvantages of FSO
For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are: Beam dispersion,
atmospheric absorption, rain, fog, snow, interference from background light
sources (including the sun), shadowing, pointing stability in wind, and pollution.

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 FSO Concepts
Comparison between FSO vs. fiber
optics vs. other technologies
In the future fiber optics replaced by FSO for the following reasons:
• Optics is the study of the behavior and properties of light.
• Optical fibers can carry a laser beam for long distances.
• Like fiber, FSO uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the
data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air.

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Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation.
• The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is
instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted
or absorbed by that particular object.

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Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum as demonstrated in page 16, can be expressed in
term of wave‐ length, frequency, or energy. Wavelength (λ), frequency (ν) are
related by the expression [1]. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy.
λ = c/ν (1)
Where c is the speed of light (2.998 × 108 m / s). The energy of the various
components of the electromagnetic spectrum is given by the expression

E =hν (2)

Where h is Planck`s constant = 6.63×10-34 Joule seconds.

The units of wavelength are meters with the terms microns (denoted μm and equal
to 10-6 m) and nanometers (10-9 m) being used just as frequently. Frequency is
measured in Hertz (Hz), with one Hertz being equal to one cycle of one cycle of
sinusoidal wave per second. A commonly used unit of energy is the electron-volt .

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 Transmission Windows
There are several transmission windows that are nearly transparent
(attenuation < 0.2 dB/km), between 780 nm and 1600 nm wavelength range.
These windows are located around several specific center wavelengths:
1. 850nm.
2. 1060nm.
3. 1250nm.
4. 1550nm.

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 Transmission Windows
 850 nm

 Characterized by low attenuation, the 850 nm window is very suitable for

FSO operation.
 In addition, reliable, high-performance, and inexpensive transmitter and
detector components are generally available and commonly used in today’s
service provider networks and trans‐ mission equipment.
 Highly sensitive silicon avalanche photo diode (APD) detector technology
and advanced vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology can
be used for operation in this atmospheric window.

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 Transmission Windows
 1060 nm

• The 1060 nm transmission window shows extremely low attenuation values.

• However, transmission components to build FSO system in this wavelength
range are very limited and are typically bulky (e.g. YdYAG solid state
lasers). Because this window is not specially used in telecommunications
systems, high-grade transmission components are rare.
• Semiconductor lasers especially tuned to the nearby 980 nm wavelength
(980 nm pump lasers for fibre amplifiers) are commercially available.
However, the 980 nm wavelength range experiences atmospheric
attenuation of several dB/km even under clear weather conditions.

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 Transmission Windows
 1250 nm

• The 1250 nm transmission window offers low attenuation, but transmitters

operating in this wavelength range are rare.
• Lower power telecommunications grade lasers operating typically between
1280-1310 nm are commercially available.
• However, atmospheric attenuation increases drastically at 1290 nm, making
this wavelength only marginally suitable for free space transmission.

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 Transmission Windows
 1550 nm

 The 1550 nm band is well suited for free space transmission due to its low
attenuation, as well as the proliferation of high-quality transmitter and
detector components.
 Components include very high-speed semiconductor laser technology
suitable for WDM operation as well as amplifiers (EDFA, SOA) used to
boost transmission power.
 Because of the attenuation properties and component availability at this
range, development of WDM free space optical systems is feasible

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 Laser Diodes
• The entire commercial free-space optics
industry is focused on using
semiconductor lasers because of their
relatively small size, high power, and
cost efficiency.
• Two different laser structures are
available: edge emitting lasers and
surface-emitting lasers.
• With an edge emitter, the light leaves
the structure through a small window of
the active layer and parallel to the layer
structure.
• Surface emitters radiate through a
small window perpendicular to the layer
structure

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 Laser Operation
There are three possibilities:
A. Induced Absorption.
B. Spontaneous Emission.
C. Stimulated Emission.

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 Laser Operation
• Induced absorption: an incoming photon whose wavelength matches the
difference between the energy levels Ej and Ei can be absorbed by an atom that
is in the lower energy state. After this interaction process, the photon
disappears, but its energy is used to raise the atom to an upper energy level.

• Spontaneous emission: The transition of an electron from the excited state to

the ground state happens as a result of the natural tendency of the electron
without the action of any external agent. The radiation produced as a result of
such transitions is called as spontaneous radiation.

• Stimulated emission: photons are used to generate other photons that have
exact phase and wavelength as that of parent photon.

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 Wavelength Selection Criteria
• The choice of the transmitting laser wavelength will depend upon the
•   atmospheric propagation characteristics, optical background noise, and the
technologies developed for lasers, detectors, and spectral filters.
• For a long atmospheric channel, the wavelength will generally need to be
restricted to spectral regions of very low atmospheric absorption .
• Another consideration is intensity fluctuation (scintillation) due to turbulence.
The strength of intensity fluctuations decreases as ; thus, scintillation and
hence BER can be decreased by using a longer wavelength .

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 References
[1] Abdulsalam Ghalib Alkholidi and Khaleel Saeed Altowij, “Free Space
Optical Communications — Theory and Practices”.

[2] Murat Uysal, Carlo Capsoni, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Anthony Boucouvalas,

Eszter Udvary, “Optical Wireless Communications- an emerging
technology”.

[3] A. Bjarklev, Lyngby D. Chowdhury, Coming A. Majumdar, Agoura Hills M.

Nakasawa, Sendai-shi CG. Someda, Padova H.-G. Weber, Berlin, “Free space
laser communications-principles and advances”.

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 Thank you

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