COSH41

(READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY)

Controversial Issues in Philippine History

 CHAPTER 1
1. NUMBER OF ISLANDS AND ISLETS IN
THE PHILIPPINES:

How many islands and islets comprise the Republic of

the Philippines? As reflected in the different books on
Philippine
historiography the following “conflicting” figures may
be had:
a) “ more than 7, 000 islands and islets” ---
(Agoncillo and Alfonso, HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE)
b) “7, 083 islands --- (Molina, THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH THE CENTURIES, Vol. I.)
c) “7, 100 islands and islets” --- (Alip, POLITICAL AND
CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES, Vol. I)
d) “7, 100 islands and islets” --- (In most of
the
history books of Zaide)
e) “a broken archipelago of 7, 083 islands” --- (Zaide,
CATHOLICISM IN THE PHILIPPINES)
f) “comprising more than 7,000 islands” --- (Google)
 CHAPTER 1

2. NAMED ISLANDS AND ISLETS IN

THE PHILIPPINES:
a) “of the more than 7, 000 islands and islets, about 4, 000 are still unnamed”
(hence, a total of 3,000 named islands) --- (Agoncillo and Alfonso, HISTORY OF
THE FILIPINO PEOPLE)
b) “2,773 of the different islands and islets have been named” --- (Alip, POLITICAL
AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES, Vol. I)
c) “2,773 islands are named” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR CATHOLIC HIGH
SCHOOLS and THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1963)
d) “2, 782 are named” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY,
Vol. I, 1957)
e) “more than 2000 islands and islets have been named” --- [Gagelonia, Pedro
A., THE FILIPINO HISTORIAN (Controversial Issues in Philippine History)]
f) “More than 5,000 islands of the archipelago are yet to be named.” --- (Google,
Wikipedia)

Note: Figures presented by Zaide differ in his own books.

 CHAPTER 1

3. SIZE OF THE PHILIPPINES:

“The Philippines is located about 700 miles/1126.54 kilometers from the mainland
of Asia.” --- (Zafra, A SHORT STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES)
“The Philippines constitutes a portion of the large archipelago once known as the
East Indies. Our country is southeast of the Asiatic mainland.” --- (Molina, THE
PHILIPPINES THROUGH CENTURIES, Vol.)
“The Philippines lies about 700 miles/1126.54 kilometers to the
Southeast of the Asia Mainland.” --- (Alip, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
“The Philippines is a sprawling archipelago fringing the
southeastern rim of the Asian continent.” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY, Vol. I)
 CHAPTER 1
4. LOCATION OF THE
PHILIPPINE DEEP
The Philippine Trench (also Philippine Deep,
Mindanao Trench, and Mindanao Deep) is a
submarine trench to the east of the Philippines.
It has a length of approximately 1,320 km (820
mi) and a width of about 30 km (19 mi)
from the centre of the Philippine island of Luzon
trending southeast to the northern Maluku island of
Halmahera in Indonesia. Its deepest point, the
Galathea Depth, has a depth of 10,540 metres (5,760
fathoms; 34,580 feet), the third deepest in the world.
“The second lowest region of the earth, known as the Philippine
Deep is found east of Mindanao.” --- (Molina, THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH THE CENTURIES, Vol. I)
“The lowest place is the Philippine Deep, an ocean depth east of Mindanao; it is, in
fact, the lowest region in the world.” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR CATHOLIC
HIGH SCHOOLS)
“The lowest part on Earth is the Philippine Deep situated about 15 miles/24.1402
kilometers northeast of Mindanao. It is 34, 218 feet/10.429646 kilometers below sea
level.” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY)
“The second lowest place in the world is the Philippine Deep located 45
miles/72.4205 kilometers east of Northern Mindanao, It is 35, 400 feet/10.78992
kilometers.” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE HISTORY)
“The Philippine Deep which is located east of Mindanao has depth of 35, 440
feet/10.802112 kilometers. It is the second deepest sea in the world.” --- (Agoncillo,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
“The Philippine Deep has a depth of 34,580 feet/10.539984
kilometers--- (Google)
 CHAPTER 1
6. LONGEST RIVER IN THE
PHILIPPINES

One other point in Philippine topography about which our noted

historians have failed to be in agreement is the “longest river”
in our country.
 Cagayan River
• The Cagayan River, also known as the Rio
Grande de Cagayan, is the longest, largest and
widest river in the coutry. It is located in the
Cagayan Valley region in the northeastern part
of Luzon island and traverses the provinces of
Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Isabela and Cagayan.
Small streams originating from Balete Pass,
Cordillera, Caraballo and Sierra Madre
Mountains meet other streams and rivers and
flow to the Cagayan River.
 Rio Grande de Mindanao
• The Rio Grande de Mindanao, also known as the
Mindanao River, is the second largest river
system in the Philippines, after the Cagayan River
of Luzon. It is the largest river on the southern
island of Mindanao with a drainage area of
23,169 km2 (8,946 sq mi) draining majority of the
central and eastern portion of the island. It is also
the second longest river in the country with a
length of approximately 373 km (232 mi). It is an
important transportation artery on the island,
used mainly in transporting agricultural products
and, formerly, timber.
 Rio Grande de Mindanao
• Its headwaters are in the mountains of
Impasugong, Bukidnon, south of Gingoog City in
Misamis Oriental, where it is called the Pulangi
River. Joining the Kabacan River, it becomes the
Mindanao River. Flowing out of the mountains, it
forms the center of a broad, fertile plain in the
south-central portion of the island. Before its
mouth in the Moro Gulf, it splits into two parallel
sections, the Cotabato and Tamontaka, separated
by a 180 m (600 ft) hill.
“Cagayan River is the longest in the whole country.” --- (Alip, POLITICAL AND
CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES, Vol. I)
“Rio Grande de Mindanao is the longest river in the Philippines.” --- (Molina, THE
PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, Vol. I)
“Rio Grande de Mindanao” --- (Benitez, HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES) “Our longest
river is the Cagayan River in Luzon.” --- (Zaide, PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS)
“The longest river is the Rio Grande de Mindanao.” --- (Zaide,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR HIGH SCHOOLS)
“approximately 483 km” --- ( Fr. Miguel Bernard, S.J., FIVE LETTERS DESCRIBING
THE EXPLORATION OF THE PULANGI OR RIO GRANDE DE
MINDANAO, Philippine Historical Review, Vol. I. No. 2, 1966) “Cagayan River – 505
km Rio Grande de Cagayan or simply Cagayan River, with a total length of 505
kilometers, is the longest and widest
river in the Philippines.” “Mindanao River or Rio Grande de Mindanao is the country’s
second largest river system. It is also the second longest Philippine river with a length
of 373 km.” --- (Google)
 CHAPTER 1
7. STRAITS:

(A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two
larger bodies of water.)
Historians likewise differ in their records of the number of straits found in in
the Philippines.
“Eight landlock straits in the Philippines.” -
-- (Molina, THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE
CENTURIES, Vol. I)
“Twenty landlock straits.” --- (Agoncillo,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY)
“Eight landlock straits.” --- (Zaide, HISTORY OF THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE)
“Twenty-two straits” --- (Google)
CHAPTER 1
8. COASTLINE:
COASTLINE (A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or
ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a
lake.)
The coastline of the Philippines also provides an interesting subject of
disagreement among Filipino Historiographers.
“The irregular coastline of the Philippines stretches by 10, 850
statute miles/17,461.382 statute kilometers. It is thrice longer than
the coastline of the United States of America.” “10, 850 statute
miles/ 17,461.382 statute kilometers . . . thrice longer than the
United States coastline.” --- (Zaide, in all his history books)
“Our coastline is 11, 440 statute miles/ 18, 410.895 statute
kilometers.” --- (Molina, THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES,
Vol. I)
“The total length of our coastline is nearly 11, 000 miles/17, 702.784
kilometers.” --- (Alip, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES)
“11, 440 statute miles/18, 410.895 statute kilometers.” --- (Benitez,
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES)
“36, 289 kilometers”--- (Google)
CHAPTER 1

9. MOUNTAINS:
Everyone is inclined to accept Mount Apo as the highest
peak in the Philippines but our historians do not agree
among themselves relative to the actual height of this
mountain.
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo,
towering over Southern Mindanao, covering the
provinces of Davao del Sur and North Cotabato.
“Mount Apo is 9, 600 feet/2.92608 kilometres high.”
--- ( Agoncillo, PHILIPPINE HISTORY)
“9, 699 (9698.9993438)
feet/2.95625499999024 kilometres high”
--- ( Alip, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES)
“9, 690 feet/2.953512 kilometres high” --- (Zaide, in
all history books)
“2.954 kilometres high” --- (Google)
 Mount Pulog/Mount Pulag

Mount Pulag is the 3rd highest mountain in the Philippines . It is Luzon’s highest peak
at 2,922 meters above sea level. The borders between the provinces of Benguet,
Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya meet at the mountain's peak.
 “Mount Pulog is the second highest peak in the
island. It is 8, 481 (8, 481.0006562) feet/
2.585009 kilometres high.” --- (Agoncillo,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY)
“Mt. Pulog is 9, 606 (9606.0006562)
feet/2.927909 (2.92790900000976) kilometres
high.’’--- ( Alip, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES)
“ Mount Dulang-dulang is 2.938 kilometres
high” “Mount Pulog is 2.922 kilometres.” ---
(Google)
Mount Dulang-dulang, dubbed by Filipino mountaineers as "D2",
is one of the high elevation peaks in the Kitanglad Mountain
Range, located in the north central portion of the province of
Bukidnon in the island of Mindanao.
 CHAPTER 1
10. MAJOR ISLANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
For this particular point of controversy, five
writers’ data shall be tabulated for easier
comprehension, namely: Alip’s (Political and
Cultural History of the Philippines, Vol. I), De la
Costa’s (Jesuits in the Philippines), Zaide’s
(Philippine History and The Republic of the
Philippines), Zafra’s (A Short History of the
Philippines), and this writer’s, (The Filipinos of
yesteryears, Star Book Store, 1967, 562p.).
 CHAPTER 2
SHRI-VISAYAN AND MADJAPAHIT EMPIRES, THEIR
“ALLEGED” SUZERAINTY OVER PRE-HISPANIC PHILIPPINES:
 Prof. H. Otley Beyer, in attempting to reconstruct more rigidly the ancient past,
advances the belief that the Philippines was once an integral part of the Shri-
Visayan Empire, and subsequently of the Madjapahit Empire.
 According to Zaide (Philippine Political and Cultural History, Vol. I), “the two
main centers of the Shri-Visayan influence in the Philippines were Sulu and the
Visayas.” With reference to the Madjapahit Empire, Zaide cites the Manila Bay
district, Sulu Archipelago and Lanao district as places where “its power was
strongly felt.”
 Alip, (Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Vol. I) says that the “Shri-
Vishayan Empire during its height of power included the whole Philippines and
that the Madjapahit Empire’s influence was in Mindanao, Luzon and Sulu
Archipelago.
 Lourdes Rausa-Gomez, in a critical study of the Madjapahit Empires published
in 1967 Philippine Studies, says that “there is no evidence at all substantiates
the claim of some Filipino historians that imperial domains reached the Sulu
and Visayas portions in the Philippines.”’ Gomez debunks Beyer’s hypothesis
which was “partly based” on his etymology of the Philippine term Visaya,
according to Gomez, is to this day debatable. She cites Juan R. Francisco’s
theory that the term Visaya is of Sanskrit origin which means “sphere,
dominion, territory, country, and kingdom.”
 In an article written by Alberto Santamaria, entitled Visayas “El Victorioso”, which
appeared in the Unitas in 1960, it is indicated that the term Visaya means El
Victorioso or simply Victorioso referring to the successful subjugation of the
Visayas by Sri-Vijaya.

 The two areas namely, Manila and Sulu, which were said to have been places
where the Madjapahit power had been felt strongly are believed to be areas in
Java or the Lesser Sundas. This is evidenced by the absence of such words in the
spelling list of the Radja Pasey or the Nagarakartagama/ Nagarakertagama.

 Srivijaya was a dominant thalassocratic city-state based on the island of Sumatra,

Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia.

 The Majapahit Empire was a vast archipelagic empire based on the island of Java
from 1293 to around 1500.
“ First Mass in the
Philippines ”
(1521)
Landing on Philippine shores

Since Magellan and his crew crossed the

International Dateline, there is one day
added to the original dates that Antonio
Pigafetta wrote in his book for the better
perspective of us Filipinos
March 17, 1521

Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)

This event marked the coming of the first
Spaniards of the Philippines
Archipelago of St. Lazarus
 March 18, 1521

• Magellan and his men landed at Humunu (now

Homonhon)

March 22, 1521

• The chieftain himself came and greeted the visitors.

• Stayed for 9 days to recover from their exhaustion
 March 28, 1521
• They proceeded to Limasawa ruled by Rajah
Kulambu
 MASS
Definition of mass:
2. Mass is a
1. Practice among celebration of this
Christians people sacrifice. It is the
to honor and active participation
worship their God of all that come
together in the place
of worship.
 First Mass in the Philippines

On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday

Magellan ordered a mass to be celebrated
which was officiated by Father Pedro
Valderrama
The Holy First Mass marked the birth of
Roman Catholicism in the Philippines
Magellan ordered that a large cross be
planted on the top of hill
Introduction of Christianity in the
Philippines
One of the major goals of Spaniards was to
colonize the islands and Christianize the
pagan native population.
Spanish missionaries became the major tools
of the spread of Christianity in the
Philippines.
It is known that today the Philippines is Asia’s
only Christian nation with about 83% of
Catholics and 9% of Evangelical Christians.
Religion in pre-colonial Philippines

There is little evidence remaining of the

nature of religion in pre-colonial Philippines.
The possibilities include animism, Philippine
mythologies such as Anito, and influences
from Hinduism and Buddhism.
Evidences:
Hindu- Buddhist gold statues (Golden Tara)
 Laguna Copperplate Inscription
 PANGASINAN

Where was
the first Mass
LIMASAWA
in the HOMONHON
Philippines
held?

BUTUA
N
BOLINAO, PANGASINAN
In front of the church is a marker stating that the first
mass was celebrated in the Philippines in 1324. After
being forced to land due to a stormy weather, Blessed
Fr. Odorico held a thanksgiving mass. He also
baptized several locals before returning home in Italy.
HOMONHON ISLAND
According to Tomas “Buddy” Gomez 3rd, a one-
time press secretary of former President Cory
Aquino, the first mass was happened in
Homonhon and neither in Limasawa nor Butuan
In Pigafetta’s account, Magellan and his team
arrived in the island of Homonhon on March 17,
1521 and Gomez cited that Magellan’s team
stayed in Homonhon for 8 days including March
24 which was a Palm Sunday
Sunday before Easter
BUTUAN OR LIMASAWA
BUTUAN OR
MASAO
• In 1872, a Spanish district governor erected
a marble monument at Magallanes, then, the
center of Butuan, to celebrate Magellan’s
first arrival and the commemoration of the
first Mass (April 8, 1521)
 EVIDENCES
1. The name of the place. In all the primary sources,
including the diary of Antonio Pigaffeta, the chronicler of
Magellan’s voyage, the name of the place – “Masao” or
something close to it. Limasawa has four syllables and
begins with another letter.
2. The geographical features. The following physical
features of the first kingdom point to Butuan, rather than
Limasawa, as follows:
A. The bonfire
B. Balanghai
C. Abundance of Gold
A. Bonfire
The explorers were attracted to the light present
the night before they came to shore. Now, the
name “Masao”, in Butuan precisely means
“bright”, which could refer to the local custom
of celebrating a harvest by cooking rice flakes in
open fires. By contrast, there are no rice fields in
Limasawa
B. The presence of Balanghai in Butuan serves as their
evidence and believed that it was used for
transportation during Magellan’s visit. Butuan is now
the site of at least nine excavated “balanghai” relics;
by contrast, Limasawa has no significant
archaeological relics or “balanghai” tradition.
 C.
The Western explorers
Abunda got excited at the
abundance of gold in Masao and Butuan, for
nce of
that was the main currency at that time. Both
Gold
archaeological relics (e.g. the “Gold Image of
Agusan”) and gold mines today attested to
the abundance of gold in the Agusan valley.
However, there is no gold in Limasawa.
 Limasawa, Leyte
“Mazaua” is the original name of this municipality. There are two assumptions how
the municipality got its name:

1. Lima’y Asawa
2. Le Mazaua
 According to Father Colin’s account,
Magellan and his men went to Cebu on April
7, 1521, in monument’s inscription the first
mass was held on April 8, 1521 on Butuan
According to Albo, on the same day of the
mass there was a cross erected on the
summit of a mountain which you can see
three islands from west and southwest
 Evidences:
1. The evidence of Albo’s Log –
Book
2. The evidence of Pigafetta
3. Father Bernard studied all the
Pigaffeta’s maps, which place in
Mazau off the southern tip of the
larger island of Leyte
 CONCLUSION
In 1996, it reaffirmed the popular belief
propelled by Republic Act 2733 that the first
Holy Mass was celebrated in Limasawa
Island on March 31, 1521.The NHI cited the
memoirs of Antonio Pigafetta, who
chronicled the expedition of Ferdinand
Magellan, as “the only credible primary
source that yields the best evidence of the
celebration of the first Christian Mass on
Philippine soil.”
"Motín de
Cavite"
 Cavite Mutiny
CAVITE PROVINCE
Cavite Province
• lies along the southern shore of Manila Bay.
It is bounded on the north by Manila Bay
and Metro Manila, on the east by Laguna,
on the west by the South China Sea and on
the south by Batangas.
• Tagalog name kawit “hook” owing to the
hook- shaped land on the old spanish map.
• The land was formerly known as “tangway”
where Spanish authorities constructed a
fort from which the city of Cavite rose.
BRIEF PROFILE
• Land Area: 128,755 Hectares
• Population: 659,019 July 10, 2018
• Cities: Trece Martires, Cavite and Tagaytay
• Number of towns: 20
• Capital: Imus
• Districts: 7
 What is Mutiny?
Mu•tiny /mju·tən·i/
noun  
• refusal to obey orders, or a violent
attempt to take control from people in
authority.
• a rebellion against authority.
Jan. 20, 1872
THE CAVITE MUTINY

Click icon to add picture

92
 What is Cavite Mutiny?

• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the removal

of long-standing personal benefits to the workers such as
tax (tribute) and forced labor exemptions on order from
the Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo.
• The Cavite mutiny took place at an arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines. Around 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers
rose up against Spanish oppression in the hopes of starting
a national uprising.
• The mutiny was unsuccessful, and the Spanish executed
many of the participants and began to crack down on a
burgeoning nationalist movement.
93
Sergeant La Madrid

•Spearheaded a rebellion and killed

some Spanish soldiers.

•The sergeant together with their

fellow 200 men are either executed,
thrown at the Marianas Guam or
arrested.

94
 Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo

• Izquierdo replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre

some months before in 1871 and immediately rescinded Torre’s
liberal measures and imposed his iron-fist rule. He was opposed to
any hint of reformist or nationalistic movements in the Philippines.
He was in office for less than two years, but he will be
remembered for his cruelty to the Filipinos and the barbaric
execution of the three martyr-priests blamed for the mutiny:
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later
collectively called “Gomburza.” Removed a lot of priviledges
enjoyed by the people in cavite that led to mutiny.

ADD A FOOTER 95
• The primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an
order from Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo to
subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps
to personal taxes, from which they were previously
exempt.

• The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well as

to perform forced labor or called, “polo y servicio”. The
mutiny was sparked on January 20, 1872 when the
laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well
as the falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced
labor, had been deducted from their salaries.

CAUSE OF MUTINY?

96
 P O L O • Falla- amount can be
Y paid to be exempted
S E R V I C I O from polo y servicio
• Tributo- Buwis
• Caja de comunidad-
• Forced labor
• 16 to 60 years old funds for pueblo
• 40 days each year expenses for pueblo
expenses
ex.
Salaries of the
gobernacillos, pueblo
officials; repairs of streets
and roads; bridge-building
and other public works.
97
• Their leader was Ferdinand La Madrid, a
mestizo Sergeant. The mutineers thought
that soldiers in Manila would join them in a
concerted uprising, the signal being the
firing of rockets from the city walls on that
night. Unfortunately what they thought to
be the signal was actually a burst of
fireworks in celebration of the feast of St.
Loreto, the patron of Sampaloc.
• January 20, 1872 a group of Filipino
workers, headed by Sergeant La Madrid,
spearheaded a rebellion and killed some
Spanish soldiers.
• Lt. Col. Sawa • The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish
administration under the reactionary Governor Rafael
de Izquiedero magnified the incident and used it as an
excuse to clamp down on those Filipinos who had been
calling for governmental reform.
• Augustinian frias Casimiro Herrera
• General Felipe Ginoves Expinar

B A T T L E: 98
GOMezBURgosZAmora

99
Mariano Gomez 1799-1872

PROFILE:
• Born on August 2, 1799 in the suburb of
Santa Cruz, Manila. 
• Parish priest in Bacoor, Cavite
• Founder of news paper La Verdad (The
Truth) in which he described the deplorable
conditions of the country and printed the
liberal articles of Burgos.
• After studying in the Colegio De san Juan de
Letran, he took theology in the University of
Santo Tomás.
• June 2, 1824, he was designated the head
priest of Bacoor, Cavite
• Oldest of the three martyrs.
• Filibustero
100
Jacinto Zamora 1835-1872

PROFILE:
• Born on August 14, 1835 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
• Began his early education in Pandacan and later
at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
• Graduated on March 16, 1858 having two
doctorate with the degree of Bachelor of Canon
Law and Theology at University of Santo
Thomas.
• After being ordained, Zamora
handled parishes in Marikina, Pasig,
and Batangas
• manage the Manila Cathedral  on 3 December
1864
• Comite Reformado

101
Jose Burgos 1837-1872

 
PROFILE:
• Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on February 9,
1837
• Obtained three undergraduate degrees with
honors, two master's degrees and two
doctorate degrees from the Colegio de San
Juan de Letran and from the University of
Santo Tomas.
• Burgos was a close friend and associate of
Paciano Rizal, José Rizal's older brother
and mentor.
• “manifesto”
• “Kampeon para sa karapatan ng mga paring
Pilipino”
102
GomBurZa have one thing in common:

They were secular native parish priest who did not belong
to any of the religious orders (like the Dominicans,
Franciscans etc.) but served in the dioceses directly under
the pope in Rome.

They represented the bitter, divisive cause of natives

claiming parishes for themselves for “secularization,”
opposed by the all-powerful friar orders who maintained
that Filipinos were capable only a being boatmen or
peons, but should think that, because they could mumble
Latin prayers they could now aspire to run whole
parishes.
SECULARIZATION- the activity of changing something (act or education or society or morality
etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion.

103
The execution of
GOMBURZA
J U S T I C E

104
105
 The Execution of GomBurZa

The three cassocks, bound and manacled, escorted by

Spanish friars, guards and drummers appeared at a
garotee in the walled city. They were the condemned
men, Father Burgos, Gomez and Zamora, who had
been sentenced to death for sedition against the
Spanish Crown and were to be executed by garrote,
the most dreaded form of execution: strangulation by
a cast-iron vise tightened around the neck

106
 The execution of GOMBURZA
Mariano Jacinto Jose
Gomez Zamora Burgos
First to be Executed
Second to be Executed Last to be Executed
85 years old when executed He calmly seated to the garrote
Panguigui- his fatal vice and said:
He was calm and designated
to his fate. executed because of the false “Ano ba ang nagawa kong
accusation of evidence kasalanan, ako ba’y mamatay
His last words : “Tayo ay found in his house which is ng walang saysay? Diyos ko
magtungo kung saan ang a letter that states “Grand walang katarungan sa
mga dahon ay di titinag mundong ito!” at lumapit ang
kundi papagalawin ng may reunion… our friends are berdugong sakanya ay papatay,
kapal” well provided with powder at sinabing “Anak pinapatawad
and ammunition”. na kita at gawin mo na ang
As he walked to the scaffold, pinapagawa saiyo”
his eyeglass fell and said: Powder and ammunition- use
“what crime have I committed to
for panguigui players code deserved such death!? Is there
“Let us go where the leaves means they were armed no justice in the world? I haven’t
never move without the will with enough money for an committed any crime”
of God” overnight card game Frey Carominas held him down
and hissed even Christ was
Innocent.
Why Garrote?
it is used to scare whoever
who will turn against the
Spanish government and
to not follow their
footsteps.

ADD A FOOTER 108

ADD A FOOTER 109
 Rizal wrote to Mariano
Ponce:
Without 1872 there would not be now either a Plaridel, or Jaena, or
Sanciangco, or would there exist brave and generous Filipino colonies in
Europe; Without 1872, Rizal would be a Jesuit now and instead of writing
Noli me Tangere, he would have written the opposite. At the sight of those
injustices and cruelties while still a child, my imagination was awakened,
and I swore to devote myself to avenge one day so many victims, and with
this idea in my mind I have been studying and this can be read in all my
works and writings. God will somehow give me an opportunity to carry out
my promise. Good! May they commit abuses, let there be imprisonments,
banishments, executions, good. Let destiny be fulfilled! The day they lay
their hands on us, the day they martyrize innocent families for our faults,
goodbye, friar government, and perhaps goodbye Spanish government.

Paciano Rizal- older brother of Rizal and a friend of

Burgos. 110
Who are the real mastermind of mutiny?

Mariano Gomez Maximo Inocencio

Jacinto Zamora Crisanto Delos Reyes,
Jose Burgos
Enrique Paraiso

ADD A FOOTER 111

 John Schumacher

The reason why Maximo Inocencio, Crisanto Delos Reyes

and Enrique Paraiso were able to escape their deserved
punishments is because they are with the General
Governor Rafael de Izquierdo and their fellow mason that
helped them.

The three mastermind of mutiny are punished not through

execution but only ordered to be thrown in the Marianas
Guam.

Francisco Zaldua- the execution of

the three priest, Francisco Zaldua a soldier sentenced to
death by Garrote of the military court for accusing

112
 Gregorio Meliton Martinez

Archbishop Emeritus of Manila,

Philippines

the Governor general requested the

archbishop that the priest GOMBURZA
be defrocked when the execution
happened but the Archbishop said that
he needed more convincing proof of
their guilt and refuse to be instrumental
in effecting the crowning touch to their
humiliation. (Abito)

113
 Problems:
No justice for the three priest
- No lawyers
- Lack of proofs
- False accusations
- No rights to defend themselves
- No proper grave

No benefits of the people in Cavite

Polo y servicio
Unfair treatment

Cruelty of the Governor General

The true masterminds of the mutiny didn’t get the
punishment they deserve.

114
 Importance:
Inspiration to Rizal and other Katipuneros.

Many believed that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that
would eventually lead to the Philippine
revolution of 1896.

It is an essential part because it sparked the start

of the resistance against the authority for
Philippine Independence in 1898.

115
Grave site of the three priest in Paco Park, Manila.
Gomburza marker at luneta park.

116
 CRY OF
BALINTAWAK
 DATES AND
PLACES

• Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry took place in • Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his books in
Balintawak on August 25, 1896. Historian Teodoro 1954 that the "Cry" happened in Balintawak on
Kalaw in his 1925 book The Filipino Revolution August 26, 1896.
wrote that the event took place during the last • Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in 1956
week of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. that it took place in Pugad Lawin on August 23,
• Santiago Alvarez, stated in 1927 that the Cry took 1896, based on Pío Valenzuela's statement.
place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on • Accounts by historians Milagros Guerrero,
August 24, 1896. Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas
• Pío Valenzuela, a close associate of Andrés claim the event to have taken place in Tandang
Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that it happened in Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon
Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. City.
 COMMEMORATION
The Cry is commemorated as National Heroes' Day, a
public holiday in the Philippines

The first annual commemoration of the Cry occurred in

Balintawak in 1908 after the American colonial
government repealed the Sedition Law. In 1911 a
monument to the Cry (a lone Katipunero popularly
identified with Bonifacio) was erected at Balintawak; it
was later transferred to Vinzons Hall in the University of
the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City. In 1984, the
National Historical Institute of the Philippines installed a
commemorative plaque in Pugad Lawin.
 RAGING
CONTROVERSY
• Some writers refer to a Cry of Montalban on
April 1895, in the Pamitinan Caves where a
group of Katipunan members wrote on the
cave walls, “Viva la independencia Filipina!”
long before the Katipunan decided to launch
a nationwide revolution.
• Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize
Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula before a
crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in
cheers. However, Guardia Civil Manuel Sityar
never mentioned in his memoirs (1896-1898)
the tearing or inspection of the cedula, but did
note the Pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark • On 3 September 1911, a monument to the
on every single Filipino he met in August Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is now the
1896 on his reconnaissance missions around intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
Balintawak. and Andres Bonifacio Drive –North Diversion
• Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned a “Himno de Road. From that time on until 1962, the Cry of
Balintawak” to herald renewed fighting after
Balintawak was officially celebrated every 26
the failed peace of the pact of Biyak na Bato.
August.
• A contemporary map of
1896 shows that the • But the issue did not rest
August battle between the there. In 1970, the historian
Katipunan rebels and the Pedro A. Gagelonia pointed
Spanish forces led by Lt. out:
Ros of the Civil Guards
took place at sitio Banlat,
North of Pasong Tamo The controversy among
Road far from Balintawak. historians continues to the
present day. The “Cry of Pugad
• Eyewitnesses cited
Lawin” (August 23, 1896)
Balintawak as the better- cannot be accepted as
known reference point for historically accurate. It lacks
a larger area. Second, positive documentation and
while Katipunan may have supporting evidence from the
been massing in witness. The testimony of only
Kangkong, the revolution one eyewitness (Dr. Pio
was formally launched Valenzuela) is not enough to
elsewhere. authenticate and verify a
controversial issue in history.
• Moreover, eyewitnesses
Historians and their living
and historians, disagreed participants, not politicians and
on the site and date of the their sycophants, should settle
Cry. this controversy.
The prevalent account of the Cry is that of
Teodoro Agoncillo in Revolt of the masses
(1956):
THE PUGAD
It was in Pugad Lawin, where they proceeded
upon leaving Samson’s place in the afternoon of
the 22nd, that the more than 1,000 members of
LAWIN MARKER
the Katipunan met in the yard of Juan A. Ramos,
son of Melchora Aquino,…in the morning of
August 23rd. Considerable discussion arose
whether the revolt against the Spanish
government should be started on the 29th. Only
one man protested… But he was overruled in his
stand… Bonifacio then announced the decision
and shouted: “Brothers, it was agreed to
continue with the plan of revolt. My brothers, do
you swear to repudiate the government that
oppresses us?” And the rebels, shouting as one
man replied: “Yes, sir!” “That being the case,”
Bonifacio added, “bring out your cedulas and
tear them to pieces to symbolize our
determination to take arms!” .. . Amidst the
ceremony, the rebels, tear-stained eyes,
shouted: “Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Katipunan!
• Agoncillo used his considerable influenced and
campaigned for a change in the recognized site to
Pugad Lawin and the date 23 August 1896. In 1963, the
National Heroes Commission (a forerunner of the NHI),
without formal consultations or recommendations to
President Macapagal.

• Macapagal ordered that the Cry of Balintawak be called

the “Cry of Pugad Lawin,” and that it be celebrated on
23 August instead of 26 August. The 1911 monument in
Balintawak was later removed to a highway. Student
groups moved to save the discarded monument, and it
was installed in front of Vinzons Hall in the Diliman
campus of the University of the Philippines on 29
November 1968.

• In 1962, Teodoro Agoncillo, together with the UP

Student Council, placed a marker at the Pugad Lawin
site. According to Agoncillo, the house of Juan Ramos
stood there in 1896, while the house of Tandang Sora
was located at Pasong Tamo.

• On 30 June 1983, Quezon City Mayor Adelina S.

Rodriguez created the Pugad Lawin Historical
Committee to determine the location of Juan Ramos’s
1896 residence at Pugad Lawin.
The NHI files on the committee’s findings show the following:
•In August 1983, Pugad Lawin in barangay Bahay Toro was inhabited by squatter
colonies.
• The NHI believed that it was correct in looking for the house of Juan Ramos and not
of Tandang Sora. However, the former residence of Juan Ramos was clearly defined
• There was an old dap-dap tree at the site when the NHI conducted its survey I
1983. Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio Valenzuela do not mention a dap-
dap tree in their books
• Pio Valenzuela, the main proponent of the “Pugad Lawin” version, was dead by the
time the committee conducted its research.
•Teodoro Agoncillo tried to locate the marker installed in August 1962 by the UP
Student Council. However, was no longer extant in 1983.
 CONFLICTING
ACCOUNTS
• Pio Valenzuela had several versions of the Cry
• Was there a meeting at Pugad Lawin on 23
August 1896, after the meeting at Apolonio
Samson’s residence in Hong Kong? Where
were the cedulas torn, at Kangkong or Pugad
Lawin?
• From 1928 to 1940, Valenzuela maintained
• In September 1896, Valenzuela stated before that the Cry happened on 24 August at the
the Olive Court, which was charged with house of Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) in
investigating persons involved in the rebellion, Pugad Lawin, which he now situated near
only that Katipunan meetings took place from Pasong Tamo Road. A photograph of
Sunday to Tuesday or 23 to 25 August at Bonifacio’s widow Gregoria de Jesus and
Balintawak.
Katipunan members Valenzuela, Briccio
• In 1911, Valenzuela averred that the Brigido Pantas, Alfonso and Cipriano
Katipunan began meeting on 22 August while Pacheco, published in La Opinion in 1928
the Cry took place on 23 August at Apolonio and 1930, was captioned both times as
Samson’s house in Balintawak. having been taken at the site of the Cry on 24
August 1896 at the house of Tandang Sora at
Pasong Tamo Road.
 CARTOGRAPHIC
CHANGES
In 1943 map of Manila marks Balintawak
separately from Kalookan and Diliman. The
sites where revolutionary events took place
are within the ambit of Balintawak.
Government maps issued in 1956, 1987,
and 1990, confirm the existence of
barangays Bahay Toro, but do not define
their boundaries. Pugad Lawin is not on
any of these maps.
According to the government, Balintawak is
no longer on the of Quezon City but has
been replaced by several barangays.
Barrio Banlat is now divided into barangays
Tandang Sora and Pasong Tamo. Only
bahay Toro remains intact.
What can we conclude from all this?

First, that “Pugad Lawin” was never officially recognized as a

place name on any Philippine map before Second World War.
Second, “Pugad Lawin “ appeared in historiography only from
1928, or some 32 years after the events took place. And third,
the revolution was always traditionally held to have occurred in
the area of Balintawak, which was distinct from Kalookan and
Diliman.

Therefore, while the toponym “Pugad Lawin” is more romantic,

it is more accurate to stick to the original “Cry of Balintawak.”
DETERMINING THE
DATE
The official stand of NHI is that the Cry took place
on 23 August 1896. That date, however, is
debatable.

The later accounts of Pio Valenzuela and Guillermo

Masangkay on the tearing of cedulas on 23 August
are basically in agreement, but conflict with each
other on the location. Valenzuela points to the
house of Juan Ramos in Pugad Lawin, while
Masangkay refers to Apolonio Samson’s in
Kangkong. Masangkay’s final statement has more
weight as it is was corroborated by many
eyewitnesses who were photographed in 1917,
when the earliest 23 August marker was installed.
Valenzuela’s date (23 August ) in his memoirs
conflict with 1928 and 1930 photographs of the
surveys with several Katipunan officers, published
in La Opinion, which claim that the Cry took place
on the 24th.
 THE TURNING POINT
• The first monument to mark the Cry was
erected in 1903 on Ylaya Street in Tondo, in
front of the house were Liga Filipina was
founded. The tablet cites Andre Bonifacio as a
founding member, and as “ Supreme Head of
the Katipunan, which gave the first battle Cry
against tyranny on August 24, 1896.”
• The above facts render unacceptable the
official stand that the turning point of the
revolution was the tearing of cedulas in the
“Cry of Pugad Lawin” on 23 August 1896, in
the Juan Ramos’s house in “Pugad Lawin”
The Cry, however, must be defined as that
Bahay Toro, Kalookan.
turning point when the Filipinos finally • The events of 17-26 August 1896 occurred
rejected Spanish colonial dominion over the
closer to Balintawak than to Kalookan.
Philippine Islands, by formally constituting
Traditionally, people referred to the “Cry of
their own national government, and by
Balintawak” since that barrio was a better
investing a set of leaders with authority to
known reference point than Banlat.
initiate and guide the revolution towards the
establishment of sovereign nation.
 It is clear that the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin of 23
August is an imposition and erroneous interpretation,
contrary to indisputable and numerous historical facts.
The centennial of the Cry of Balintawak should be
celebrated on 24 August 1996 at the site of the barn
and house of Tandang Sora in Gulod, now barangay
Banlat, Quezon City.

That was when and where the Filipino nation state was
born.
 “ALL PHOTGRAPHS ARE ACCURATE,
BUT NONE OF THEM IS TRUTH.. THE
CAMERA LIES ALL THE TIME “ –Richard
Avedon, Photographer
HISTRORY- it’s “what-really-happened-
in-the-past.”
 II. Remembered, Recovered & Invented
History

In studying the records of the past, the, one is ,in fact

examining propaganda of various sorts, distortions
based on someone’s perception of truth but angled
so as to make a better case for something than an
unorganized compilation of facts might do all by
themselves.
All writers have a purpose in writing or else why
write?
 A. Remembered History

The personal recollection of an

individual who witnessed an event.
This type of history is based on the
recollection of the elderly, the living
traditions that constitute the “oral
history” of a culture.
 B. Recovered History

Recovered history encompasses all

information about the past was once
known but for some reason that
information was lost and forgotten.
Today, the most familiar type of recovered
history is that which comes from
ARCHEOLOGY and the excavation of
historical sites.
 C. Invented History

It entails the body of myths, often well

known to be untrue but that exist in the
public conscience as “history”.
This are the historical fabrications which ,
though they are essentially lies, enough
people wish to believe they are true and
the actual scene that really happen
PICTURED AND THE STORY BEHIND THEM
 LOCAL
CONTROVERSIES
 The Lost Tribe of Tasaday

CONCLUSION :
They are like “guardian” coming from
Bathala that were task to guide the
forest and other tribe
The Lost Island of “San
Juan” : Atlantis of the
Philippines

Known as the island of San Juan (St. John), it

was shown in ancient maps—larger than
Bohol, maybe as big as Panay—completely
detached from the massive Mindanao
mainland.
 In spite of how well-
documented the island of San
Juan had been, it was not
present in the celebrated
1734 map drawn by Jesuit
cartographer Murillo Velarde
(the same map used to
contest the Chinese claim on
Scarborough Shoal), nor does
he make mention of it.

As late as 1969, antique map collector and artist Federico Aguilar Alcuaz theorized that it
could have shared the map as late as 1969, antique map collector and artist Federico Aguilar
Alcuaz theorized that it could have shared the same fate as the lost Atlantis, perhaps shaken
by an earthquake or swallowed by the sea. same fate as the lost Atlantis, perhaps shaken by
an earthquake or swallowed by the sea.
Like the tale of the lost city of Atlantis, San Juan
disappeared from our maps—but unlike Atlantis, the
phantom island has been found again–its name,
righted by Siargao, and its place, assumed by
Sonsorol islands of Micronesia.
 Isla de
Gigantes,
Iloilo
Off the coast of Carles and Estancia Town of Iloilo is a group of islands called
Islas de Gigantes. The group of islands was once called Sabuluag, but during
the Spanish era, legends say that coffins found inside the caves contained
giant bone set, that’s why the name of the island was changed to Islas de
Gigantes. Today, giants are nowhere to be seen in the place. All that is left is a
pristine beaches and interesting system of caves.
 “Amomongo” –
Philippines’ Big Foot.

For starters, Amomongo is perhaps the local

counterpart of America’s Sasquatch or Bigfoot. The
name is a loose term for ‘gorilla’ and was used by
the residents of La Castellana, Negros Occidental to
describe the elusive creature who terrorized their
town a few years ago.
 n 2008, Elias Galvez and Salvador Aguilar, residents of Brgy. Sag-
ang, were allegedly attacked by a “hairy creature with long nails”.

Described as a hairy white ape with a size of a man, Amomongo is

usually a reclusive cave dweller. The thing is, no chimpanzee or
gorilla has ever been identified as native in the Philippines. In
addition to that, the last albino gorilla known as “Snowflake”
already died a decade ago and the chances of another albino
hiding somewhere in the Philippines are pretty slim.
Yamashita’
s Lost
Treasure.
The name Yamashita is almost synonymous to a
single theme: treasure hunting. Such was its
impact to gold hunters that for the last few
decades after General Tomoyuki Yamashita’s
death, the search for the legendary treasure has
lingered on.
 Although Yamashita’s gold has long been considered as the Holy Grail of

treasure hunting, some experts continue to doubt its existence .

And then there’s the former First Lady Imelda

Marcos who admitted publicly that the late
president actually used and sold gold treasures
to help the country survive economic struggles
in the 1960s and 1970s.
 What- are- you-picturing?
➢ This happens around 1940
FOREI reopening of he South fork bridge
in canada
GN ➢ He is a time traveler for he was
PICTU wearing a t-shirt with a logo ,
sunglasses and holding a small
RE camera.
AND
Truth Behind This !
HISTO
➢ As it turns out there’s nothing about his appearance that is
impossible for 1941. RY
➢ His shirt , camera, and sunglasses were all available to be
purchased –these items just weren’t commonplace. The only
thing futuristic about this photo is foresights into hipster
fashion.
A ghost appear TRUTH BEHIND THIS!
in the movie ➢ It is simply a cardboard cut out of Ted
this is a ghost of Dnson in a top hat.
a boy who died ➢ The cut out is part of a subplot that
director Leonard Nimoy.
in that house. ➢ It was removed from the final film
 CONCLUSION :
There is an alien or there is a living on mars
It was said that the faces of the alien appear time to time

Conclusion:

FACTS :
➢ Seeing patterns in objects is an example of
PAREIDOLIA – the brain’s way of creating order out of
chaos, or a face in the mars.
 Richat Structure,
Mauritania

Seemingly swirling and spinning and twisting

the great Richat Structure in the depths of
Mauritania is something truly mysterious
 Area 51,
United States

A magnet for conspiracy theorists like no other place on this list, Area 51 has
inspired UFO hunters and extra-terrestrial buffs for years – it even featured in
Roland Emmerich’s alien-rich masterpiece Independence Day back in 1996!
Located smack bang in the midst of the Nevadan desert, the site has been kept
top secret by the United States government since it began developing
reconnaissance and spy planes back in the 50s.

Today, speculators think it could be anything from a public

surveillance hub to a weather control station to a time
travel station.
Easter Island,
Polynesia

They discovered would have surely wowed him: countless carved

effigies of colossal heads, chiselled and chipped from the black
rock boulders of the land.
In fact, there are over more than 880 of the so-called
moai heads here, which are each thought to represent
the final member of one of the tribal family clans.
Perhaps the statues, known as moai, were "engineered to move"
upright in a rocking motion, using only manpower and rope.

They've observed that fat bellies allowed the

statues to be tilted forward easily, and heavy,
D-shaped bases could have allowed handlers
to roll and rock the moai side to side.
National Geographic Society's Expeditions Council, Hunt and
Lipo showed that as few as 18 people could, with three
strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily and relatively
quickly maneuver a ten-foot (three-meter), five-ton moai
replica a few hundred yards (a few hundred meters). No logs
were required.
The Nazca
Lines, Peru
 Scarring their way across the dusty desert landscapes of southern
Peru, the Nazca Lines are amongst the most mysterious and

awesome prehistoric remains in all of South America .

And while they typically take a backseat to the

country’s other major tourist draws – Machu
Picchu, The Sacred Valley, Cuzco – they do draw
in their fair share of visitors.

Most opt to do flyovers and see the great wonders from

above, which is when the curious geoglyphs depicting
spiders and monkeys come into full view.
Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, no
one really knows why they were made by
the ancient Nazca people.

Perhaps they were an offering to the gods? Perhaps

they were a cultist symbol? It’s still a mystery.
Cleopatra Gif