Azure Cosmos DB

Technical Deep Dive

<Speaker>
<date>
 Reviewing Azure Cosmos DB

Partitioning

Querying
AGENDA
Programming

Troubleshooting

Modeling & Planning

M O D E R N A P P S FA C E
NEW CHALLENGES
Managing and syncing data distributed around the globe

Delivering highly-responsive, real-time personalization

Processing and analyzing large, complex data

Scaling both throughput and storage based on global demand

Offering low-latency to global users

Modernizing existing apps and data

 AZURE COSMOS DB
A globally distributed, massively scalable, multi-model database service

SQL
MongoDB

Table API

Column-family Document
Key-value Graph

Guaranteed low latency

at the 99th percentile
Elastic scale out Five well-defined
of storage & throughput consistency models

Turnkey global
Comprehensive
distribution
SLAs
 AZURE COSMOS DB
A FULLY-MANAGED GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SERVICE BUILT TO GUARANTEE
EXTREMELY LOW LATENCY AND MASSIVE SCALE FOR MODERN APPS
TURNKEY GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

PUT YOUR DATA WHERE YOUR USERS ARE

Automatically replicate all your data around the world,

and across more regions than Amazon and Google
combined.
• Available in all Azure regions
• Manual and automatic failover
• Automatic & synchronous multi-region
replication
ELASTIC SCALE OUT OF STORAGE AND
THROUGHPUT
SCALES AS YOUR APPS’ NEEDS CHANGE

Independently and elastically scale storage and throughput

across regions – even during unpredictable traffic bursts –
with a database that adapts to your app’s needs.

• Elastically scale throughput from 10 to

100s of millions of requests/sec across
multiple regions
• Support for requests/sec for different
workloads
• Pay only for the throughput and storage
you need
G U A R A N T E E D L O W L AT E N C Y

PROVIDE USERS AROUND THE WORLD WITH

FAST ACCESS TO DATA

Serve <10 ms read and <15 ms write requests at the 99th

percentile from the region nearest to users, while
delivering data globally.
FIVE WELL-DEFINED CONSISTENCY MODELS

CHOOSE THE BEST CONSISTENCY MODEL FOR YOUR APP

Offers five consistency models

Provides control over performance-consistency tradeoffs, backed

by comprehensive SLAs.

An intuitive programming model offering low latency and high

availability for your planet-scale app.

Strong Bounded-stateless Session Consistent prefix Eventual

M U LT I P L E D ATA M O D E L S A N D A P I s

USE THE MODEL THAT FITS YOUR REQUIREMENTS, AND

THE APIS, TOOLS, AND FRAMEWORKS YOU PREFER

Cosmos DB offers a multitude of APIs to access and query data

including, SQL, various popular OSS APIs, and native support for
NoSQL workloads.

Use key-value, tabular, graph, and document data

Data is automatically indexed, with no schema or secondary

indexes required

Blazing fast queries with no lag

SQL
MongoDB
Table API

Column-family Document
Key-value Graph
COMPREHENSIVE SLAs

RUN YOUR APP ON WORLD-CLASS INFRASTRUCTURE

Azure Cosmos DB is the only service with financially-backed SLAs for millisecond
latency at the 99th percentile, 99.999% HA and guaranteed throughput and
consistency

Latency HA Throughput Consistency

<10 ms 99.999% Guaranteed Guaranteed

99th percentile
H A N D L E A N Y D ATA W I T H N O
SCHEMA OR INDEXING
REQUIRED
Azure Cosmos DB’s schema-less service automatically indexes all your
data, regardless of the data model, to delivery blazing fast queries.

• Automatic index management

• Synchronous auto-indexing
• No schemas or secondary indices needed
GEEK
• Works across every data model

Microwave Liquid
Item Color CPU Memory Storage
safe capacity
Geek mug Graphite Yes 16ox ??? ??? ???
Coffee Tan No 12oz ??? ??? ???
Bean mug
Surface Gray ??? ??? 3.4 GHz 16GB 1 TB
book Intel SSD
Skylake
Core i7-
6600U
T R U S T Y O U R D ATA T O I N D U S T R Y-
LEADING SECURITY & COMPLIANCE

Azure is the world’s most trusted cloud, with more

certifications than any other cloud provider.

• Enterprise grade security

• Encryption at Rest
• Encryption is enabled automatically by default
• Comprehensive Azure compliance certification
 TOP 10 REASONS WHY CUSTOMERS USE
AZURE COSMOS DB

The 1st and only Deliver massive Provides guaranteed Natively supports Boasts 5 well-defined
database with global storage/throughput single digit different types of data consistency models to
distribution turnkey scalability database millisecond latency at at massive scale pick the right
capability 99th percentile consistency/latency/
worldwide throughput tradeoff

Enables mission Gives high flexibility Tackles big data Provides multi-tenancy Naturally analytics-
critical intelligent to optimize for speed workloads with high and enterprise-grade ready and perfect for
applications and cost availability and security event-driven
reliability architectures
POWERING GLOBAL SOLUTIONS
Azure Cosmos DB was built to support modern app patterns and use cases.
It enables industry-leading organizations to unlock the value of data, and respond to
global customers and changing business dynamics in real-time.

Data distributed and Build real-time Ideal for gaming, Simplified Run Spark analytics Lift and shift
available globally customer experiences IoT & eCommerce development with over operational data NoSQL data
serverless architecture

Puts data where your Enable latency-sensitive Predictable and fast Fully-managed event- Accelerate insights from Lift and shift MongoDB
users are personalization, bidding, service, even during driven micro-services fast, global data and Cassandra
and fraud detection. traffic spikes with elastic computing workloads
power
D AT A D I S T R I B U T E D
A N D AVA I L A B L E
G L O B A L LY
Put your data where your users are to give real-time access
and uninterrupted service to customers anywhere in the Azure region A
<10 ms Azure Cosmos DB
world. (app + session state)

• Turnkey global data replication across all Azure regions

• Guaranteed low-latency experience for global users Azure region B
Browser Azure Traffic
Manager <10 ms Globally distributed
across regions
• Resiliency for high availability and disaster recovery

Azure region C
<10 ms
BUILD REAL-TIME Online Recommendations Service
CUSTOMER HOT path

EXPERIENCES
Offer latency-sensitive applications with Azure Service Fabric Azure Cosmos DB
personalization, bidding, and fraud-detection. (Personalization (distributed model
Decision Engine) store)

Azure Data Factory

• Machine learning models generate real-time (scheduled job to
Shoppers .com
recommendations across product catalogues (Product Details Page)
refresh persisted
models)

• Product analysis in milliseconds

• Low-latency ensures high app performance Azure Event Hub Azure Data Lake Storage
worldwide (offline raw data)

• Tunable consistency models for rapid insight

Apache Spark on Azure Databricks

Offline Recommendations Engine

COLD path
IDEAL FOR GAMING,
IOT AND ECOMMERCE
Maintain service quality during high-traffic periods Azure CDN Azure Storage
(Game files)
requiring massive scale and performance.

• Instant, elastic scaling handles traffic bursts

• Uninterrupted global user experience
Azure API Apps Azure Cosmos DB Azure Databricks
• Low-latency data access and processing for large and (Game backend) (Game database) (Game analytics)
changing user bases
• High availability across multiple data centers

Azure Functions Azure Notification Hub

(Push notifications)
MASSIVE SCALE
T E L E M E T RY S TO R E S F O R
IOT
Diverse and unpredictable IoT sensor workloads
require a responsive data platform
Azure IoT Hub Apache Storm on Azure Cosmos DB
• Seamless handling of any data output or volume Azure HDInsight (Telemetry & device state)

• Data made available immediately, and indexed

automatically
• High writes per second, with stable ingestion and Azure Web Jobs
(Change feed processor)
query performance Azure Storage
(archival)

Logic apps
SIMPLIFIED
DEVELOPMENT WITH
S E RV E R L E S S Azure Functions Azure Cosmos DB
A RCHITECTURE
Experience decreased time-to-market, enhanced
(E-commerce Checkout, API) (Order event score)

scalability, and freedom from framework management

with event-driven micro-services.
Change feed
• Seamless handling of any data output or volume
• Data made available immediately, and indexed
automatically
• High writes per second, with stable ingestion and Azure Functions Azure Functions Azure Functions
(Microsoft 1: Tax) (Microsoft 2: Payment) (Microsoft N: Fulfillment)
query performance
• Real-time, resilient change feeds logged forever
and always accessible
• Native integration with Azure Functions
R U N S PA R K O V E R
O P E R AT I O N A L D ATA
Accelerate analysis of fast-changing, high-volume,
global data. Data
Master node nodes
Gateway nodes
• Real-time big data processing across any data model
• Machine learning at scale over globally-distributed Spark-Cosmos DB
connector (Java)
data
Worker nodes
• Speeds analytical queries with automatic indexing
and push-down predicate filtering
• Native integration with Spark Connector
LIFT AND SHIFT
NOSQL APPS
Make data modernization easy with seamless lift and
shift migration of NoSQL workloads to the cloud.

• Azure Cosmos DB APIs for MongoDB and Cassandra

bring app data from anywhere to Azure Cosmos DB
• Leverage existing tools, drivers, and libraries, and .NET
continue using existing apps’ current SDKs NoSQL wire protocol
Azure Cosmos DB APIs
• Turnkey geo-replication for MongoDB and
Cassandra

• No infrastructure or VM management required

AZURE COSMOS DB
A globally distributed, massively scalable,
multi-model database service.

• Multi-model data with your favorite API

• Elastically scale storage and throughput
• Multiple, well-defined consistency levels
• <10ms latency guarantees at the 99th
percentile
• Industry-leading SLAs across performance,
latency, availability and throughput

Lift and shift Run Spark over Build real-time customer Ideal for IoT, gaming and
MongoDB apps operational data experiences eCommerce
RESOURCE MODEL

Leveraging Azure Cosmos DB to automatically scale Account

your data across the globe

Database
Database
Database

This module will reference partitioning in the

context of all Azure Cosmos DB modules and APIs.
Database
Database
Container

Database
Database
Item
ACCOUNT URI AND CREDENTIALS

Account ********.azure.com

Database
Database
Database
IGeAvVUp …

Database
Database
Container

Database
Database
Item
C R E AT I N G A C C O U N T

Account

Database
Database
Database

Database
Database
Container

Database
Database
Item
D AT A B A S E R E P R E S E N TAT I O N S

Account

Database
Database
Database

Database
Database Database
Database
Container Collection

Database
Database Database
Database
Item Document
C O N T A I N E R R E P R E S E N TAT I O N S

Account

Database
Database
Database

Database
Database
Container = Collection Graph Table

Database
Database
Item
C R E AT I N G C O L L E C T I O N S – S Q L A P I

Account

Database
Database
Database

Database
Database
Container

Database
Database
Item
C O N TA I N E R - L E V E L R E S O U R C E S

Account

Database
Database
Database

Database
Database
Container

Database
Database
Item Sproc Trigger UDF Conflict
SYSTEM TOPOLOGY (BEHIND THE SCENES)

Planet Earth Azure regions Datacenters Stamps Fault domains

Container Resource RSM

Manager
… Resource Governor
Language
Index Manager

Transport Runtime(s) Bw-tree++/ LLAMA++

… Admission control
Hosts
Log Manager
Query
Various agents Database engine Processor IO Manager

Cluster Machine Replica Database engine

RESOURCE HIERARCHY

CONTAINERS
Logical resources “surfaced” to APIs as tables, collections
or graphs, which are made up of one or more physical
Tenants partitions or servers.

Follower

Tables Collections Graphs

Follower

Leader
Forwarder

To remote resource partition(s)

Containers
Replica Set

RESOURCE PARTITIONS
• Consistent, highly available, and resource-governed
coordination primitives
Resource Partitions
• Consist of replica sets, with each replica hosting an
instance of the database engine
PA R T I T I O N I N G

Leveraging Azure Cosmos DB to automatically scale

your data across the globe

This module will reference partitioning in the

context of all Azure Cosmos DB modules and APIs.
PA R T I T I O N S

Partition Key: User ID

Cosmos DB Container
(e.g. Collection)

Logical Partitioning Abstraction

Behind the Scenes:

Physical Partition Sets

hash(User ID)

Psuedo-random distribution of data over range of possible hashed values

PA R T I T I O N S

hash(User ID)

Pseudo-random distribution of data over range of possible hashed values

Dharma
Andrew
Shireesh

Karthik

Mike Bob Rimma

Alice
… Carol
…
…

Partition 1 Partition 2 Partition n

Frugal # of Partitions based on actual storage and throughput needs

(yielding scalability with low total cost of ownership)
PA R T I T I O N S

hash(User ID)

Pseudo-random distribution of data over range of possible hashed values

Dharma
Andrew
Shireesh

Karthik

Mike Bob Rimma

Alice
… Carol
…
…

Partition 1 Partition 2 Partition n

What happens when partitions need to grow?

PA R T I T I O N S

hash(User ID)

Pseudo-random distribution of data over range of possible hashed values

Dharma
Partition Ranges can be dynamically sub-divided to seamlessly grow Dharma Rimma
Shireesh
database as the application grows while simultaneously maintaining
high availability. Karthik

Rimma Shireesh + Karthik

Partition management is fully managed by Azure Cosmos DB, Alice
so you don't have to write code or manage your partitions.
Carol
… …
…

Partition x Partition x1 Partition x2

 DEMO

Creating Unlimited Containers

PA R T I T I O N D E S I G N

IMPORTANT TO SELECT THE “RIGHT” PARTITION KEY

Partition keys acts as a means for efficiently routing
queries and as a boundary for multi-record transactions.

KEY MOTIVATIONS
• Distribute Requests
• Distribute Storage
• Intelligently Route Queries for Efficiency
PA R T I T I O N D E S I G N

EXAMPLE SCENARIO
Contoso Connected Car is a vehicle telematics company.
They are planning to store vehicle telemetry data from
millions of vehicles every second in Azure Cosmos DB to
power predictive maintenance, fleet management, and driver
risk analysis.
The partition key we select will be the scope for multi-record
transactions.

WHAT ARE A FEW POTENTIAL PARTITION KEY

CHOICES?
• Vehicle Model
• Current Time
• Device Id
• Composite Key – Device ID + Current Time

Example – Contoso Connected Car

PA R T I T I O N K E Y C H O I C E S

VEHICLE MODEL (e.g. Model A) CURRENT MONTH (e.g. 2018-04)

Most auto manufactures only have a couple dozen Auto manufacturers have transactions occurring
models. This will create a fixed number of logical throughout the year. This will create a more balanced
partition key values; and is potentially the least granular distribution of storage across partition key values.
option. However, most business transactions occur on recent
Depending how uniform sales are across various models data creating the possibility of a hot partition key for the
– this introduces possibilities for hot partition keys on current month on throughput.
both storage and throughput.

Storage Distribution Throughput Distribution Storage Distribution Throughput Distribution

Rodel Rodel 2018-03 2018-03

Prisma Prisma 2018-04 2018-04
Turlic Turlic 2018-05 2018-05
Coash Coash 2018-06 2018-06

Example – Contoso Connected Car

PA R T I T I O N K E Y C H O I C E S

DEVICE ID (e.g. Device123) COMPOSITE KEY (Device ID + Time)

Each car would have a unique device ID. This creates a This composite option increases the granularity of
large number of partition key values and would have a partition key values by combining the current month and
significant amount of granularity. a device ID. Specific partition key values have less of a
Depending on how many transactions occur per vehicle, risk of hitting storage limitations as they only relate to a
it is possible to a specific partition key that reaches the single month of data for a specific vehicle.
storage limit per partition key Throughput in this example would be distributed more to
logical partition key values for the current month.

Storage Distribution Throughput Distribution Storage Distribution Throughput Distribution

C49E27EB C49E27EB C49E27EB-2018-05 C49E27EB-2018-05

FE53547A FE53547A C49E27EB-2018-06 C49E27EB-2018-06
E84906BE E84906BE 4376B4BC-2018-05 4376B4BC-2018-05
4376B4BC 4376B4BC 4376B4BC-2018-06 4376B4BC-2018-06

Example – Contoso Connected Car

PA R T I T I O N G R A N U L A R I T Y

SELECT THE “RIGHT” LEVEL OF GRANULARITY FOR YOUR PARTITIONS

Partitions should be based on your most often occurring query and transactional
needs. The goal is to maximize granularity and minimize cross-partition
requests.

RODEL_2017_L
RODEL_2017 X
RODEL_2017_E
X
RODEL
RODEL_2018 RODEL_2018_L
X

Don’t be afraid to have more partitions! More partition keys = More scalability
Example – Contoso Connected Car
PA R T I T I O N G R A N U L A R I T Y

SELECT THE “RIGHT” LEVEL OF GRANULARITY FOR YOUR PARTITIONS

Consider storage & throughput Consider cross-partition query

thresholds likelihood

RODEL_2017_L
RODEL_2017 X
RODEL_2017_E
X
RODEL
RODEL_2018 RODEL_2018_L
X

Don’t be afraid to have more partitions! More partition keys = More scalability
Example – Contoso Connected Car
PA R T I T I O N G R A N U L A R I T Y

A CROSS-PARTITION QUERY IS NOT ALWAYS A BLIND FAN OUT QUERY

SELECT * FROM C

RODEL_2017_L
RODEL_2017 X
RODEL_2017_E
X
RODEL
RODEL_2018 RODEL_2018_L
X

SELECT * FROM C WHERE

partitionKey IN (A, B, C)
Example – Contoso Connected Car
PA R T I T I O N K E Y
SELECTION

Contoso Connected Car is collecting and storing

vehicle telemetry data from millions of vehicles. The
team has decided to partition based on a Airport Airport
composite key consisting of device id + current
time when the interaction occurred.  Airport
Airport

Airport

Airport

Example – Contoso Connected Car

PA R T I T I O N K E Y S C E N A R I O

Interaction that occurred on: September 25, 2016 at 4:15 AM UTC

C49E27EB-2016

C49E27EB-2016-09

C49E27EB-2016-09-25

C49E27EB-2016-09-25-04

C49E27EB-2016-09-25-04-15

Example – Contoso Connected Car

PA R T I T I O N K E Y S C E N A R I O

Interaction that occurred on: September 25, 2016 at 4:15 AM UTC

C49E27EB-2016

m
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C49E27EB-2016-09

C49E27EB-2016-09-25

C49E27EB-2016-09-25-04

os DB

cardin
impac

Azure
Cosm
query

t ease

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allow
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distri

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C49E27EB-2016-09-25-04-15

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Example – Contoso Connected Car
PA R T I T I O N S

Best Practices: Design Goals for Choosing a Good Partition Key

• Distribute the overall request + storage volume
• Avoid “hot” partition keys
• Partition Key is scope for multi-record transactions and routing queries
• Queries can be intelligently routed via partition key
• Omitting partition key on query requires fan-out

Steps for Success

• Ballpark scale needs (size/throughput)
• Understand the workload
• # of reads/sec vs writes per sec
• Use pareto principal (80/20 rule) to help optimize bulk of workload
• For reads – understand top 3-5 queries (look for common filters)
• For writes – understand transactional needs

General Tips
• Build a POC to strengthen your understanding of the workload and iterate
(avoid analyses paralysis)
• Don’t be afraid of having too many partition keys
• Partitions keys are logical
• More partition keys  more scalability
PA R T I T I O N K E Y
STORAGE LIMITS
HTTP 403

Containers support unlimited storage by

dynamically allocating additional physical partitions

Storage for single partition key value (logical

partition) is quota'ed to 10GB.

When a partition key reaches its provisioned

storage limit, requests to create new resources will
return a HTTP Status Code of 403 (Forbidden).
Azure Cosmos DB will automatically add partitions, and
may also return a 403 if:
• An authorization token has expired
• A programmatic element (UDF, Stored Procedure, Trigger)
has been flagged for repeated violations
D E S I G N PAT T E R N S F O R L A R G E PA R T I T I O N K E Y S

"LINKED LIST APPROACH" BY SREADING DATA ACROSS

INCREMENTAL PARTITION KEY VALUES
For workloads that exceed quotas for a single partition key value,
you can logically spread items across multiple partition keys
within a container by using a suffix on the partition key value.
As a partition fills up, you can determine when to increment the HTTP 403
partition key value by looking for the 403 status code in your
application’s logic. 

HTTP 403
D E S I G N   PAT T E R N S   F O R L A R G E PA R T I T I O N K E Y S

"CIRCULAR BUFFER" APPROACH BY REUSING UNIQUE IDS

As you insert new items into a container’s partition, you can increment the unique id for each item in the partition.
When you get a 403 status code, indicating the partition is full, you can restart your unique id and upsert the items to replace older
documents. 

15

HTTP 403

ARD 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
H O T / C O L D PA R T I T I O N S

PARTITION USAGE CAN VARY OVER TIME

Partitions that are approaching thresholds are referred to as hot. Partitions that are
underutilized are referred to as cold.

Abstract Storage or Throughput Threshold

Hot Partition

Partition Partition
Cold
Cold
Partition
Partition
Q U E RY FA N - O U T

CROSS-PARTITION QUERIES CAN BE PERFORMED

SERVER-SIDE OR CLIENT-SIDE
Cross-partition queries are opt-in
• Cross-partition queries can be tuned and parallelized
Creates a bottleneck
• Must wait for all partitions to return before the query is
“done”
 C R O S S - PA R T I T I O N S D K E X A M P L E

IQueryable<DeviceReading> crossPartitionQuery = client.CreateDocumentQuery<DeviceReading>(

UriFactory.CreateDocumentCollectionUri("db", "coll"),
new FeedOptions {
EnableCrossPartitionQuery = true,
MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 10,
MaxBufferedItemCount = 100
})
.Where(m => m.MetricType == "Temperature" && m.MetricValue > 100)
.OrderBy(m => m.MetricValue);
 C R O S S - PA R T I T I O N S D K E X A M P L E

var querySpec = {
query: 'SELECT * FROM container c’
};

var feedOptions = {
enableCrossPartitionQuery = true
maxDegreeOfParallelism = 10
};

client.queryDocuments(collectionLink, querySpec, feedOptions)

.toArray(function (err, results) {
}
 C R O S S - PA R T I T I O N S D K E X A M P L E

FeedOptions options = new FeedOptions();

options.setEnableCrossPartitionQuery(true);

Iterator<Document> it = client.queryDocuments(
collectionLink,
"SELECT * from r",
options
).getQueryIterator();
 DEMO

Cross-Partition Query
Q U E RY FA N O U T

QUERYING ACROSS PARTITIONS IS NOT ALWAYS A BAD THING

If you have relevant data to return, creating a cross-partition query is a perfectly acceptable workload with a predictable throughput.

In an ideal situation, queries are filtered to only include relevant partitions.

BLIND QUERY FAN-OUTS CAN ADD UP

You are charged ~1 RU for each partition that doesn’t have any relevant data.

Multiple fan-out queries can quickly max out RU/s for each partition
Q U E RY FA N O U T

CONCURRENCY AND FAN-OUT QUERIES All partitions are

likely hot
>10,000 fan-out queries in a second can leave all partitions hot
Example: Query on a vehicle database, partitioned by model name,
where the query is filtering by year without filtering to only
include relevant partitions.

ng this
checki

querie
partiti

secon

10,00
s per
on

0
SELECT * FROM car a WHERE a.year = “2015”

ng this
checki

querie
partiti

secon

10,00
s per
on

0
>10,000 more queries
per second

PK = origin
SELECT * FROM car a WHERE a.year = “2016”

ng this
checki

querie
partiti

secon

10,00
s per
on

0
Example – Contoso Connected Car
Q U E RY FA N O U T

CONCURRENCY AND FAN-OUT QUERIES

Filtering queries to only include relevant partition key values
reduces the amount of wasted effort and focuses queries on
those relevant partitions.

on
partiti
ng this
checki
s
querie
nt
releva
Only
SELECT * FROM car a
WHERE a.model = “TURLIC” AND a.year = “2015”

on
partiti
ng this
checki
s
querie
nt
releva
Only
>10,000 more queries
per second
PK = origin

SELECT * FROM car a

on
partiti
ng this
checki
s
querie
nt
releva
Only
WHERE a.model = “COASH” AND a.year = “2016”

Example – Contoso Connected Car

C L I E N T- S I D E Q U E R Y
FA N - O U T

USING CLIENT-SIDE THREADS AND PARRALELISM

TO FAN-OUT QUERIES ACROSS PARTITIONS
• Leverage existing client device power
• Perform queries in parallel across units
• Potentially process early-finish results before parallel
requests are complete
HANDS-ON
Tasks:
EXERCISE
1. Create Unlimited Container
C R E AT I N G A
2. Execute Cross-Partition Queries
M U LT I - PA R T I T I O N
SOLUTION
Q U E RY I N G

Tuning query techniques and parameters to make

the most efficient use of a globally distributed
database service.

This module will reference querying in the context

of the SQL API for Azure Cosmos DB.
Q U E RY T U N I N G

MULTIPLE THINGS CAN IMPACT THE PERFORMANCE OF A QUERY RUNNING IN AZURE COSMOS DB. A FEW IMPORTANT
QUERY PERFORMANCE FACTORS INCLUDE:

Provisioned throughput

Measure RU per query, and ensure that you have the required provisioned throughput for your queries

Partitioning and partition keys

Favor queries with the partition key value in the filter clause for low latency

SDK and query options

Follow SDK best practices like direct connectivity, and tune client-side query execution options
Q U E RY T U N I N G

MANY THINGS CAN IMPACT THE PERFORMANCE OF A QUERY RUNNING IN AZURE COSMOS DB. IMPORTANT
PERFORMANCE FACTORS INCLUDE:

Network latency

Account for network overhead in measurement, and use multi-homing APIs to read from the nearest region

Indexing Policy

Ensure that you have the required indexing paths/policy for the query

Query Complexity

Use simple queries to enable greater scale.

Query execution metrics

Analyze the query execution metrics to identify potential rewrites of query and data shapes
 C L I E N T Q U E R Y PA R A L L E L I S M

CROSS-PARTITOIN QUERIES CAN BE PARRALELIZED TO USE AS MANY

THREADS AS POSSIBLE

Modern processors ship with both physical and virtual (hyper-threading) cores. For
any given cross-partition query, the SDK can use concurrent threads to issue the
query across the underlying partitions.

Primary Thread
By default, the SDK uses a slow start algorithm for cross-partition queries,
increasing the amount of threads over time. This increase is exponential up to any
Concurrent Thread
physical or network limitations.

DOP = 4 Concurrent Thread

Query Thread
DOP = 1
Concurrent Thread
CLIENT RESPONSE BUFFER

First Request

1 3

First Response

6 4

Concurrent Request
5

Concurrent Response
Client Buffer
S D K Q U E RY O P T I O N S

ACHIEVING OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE IS OFTEN A BALANCING ACT

BETWEEN THESE TWO PROPERTIES

Decreased Thread Usage Increased Thread Usage

Slower Performance Faster Performance

0 Max Degree of Parallelism ∞

Smaller Memory Footprint Larger Memory Footprint

Slower Performance Faster Performance

0 Max Buffered Item Count ∞

S D K Q U E RY O P T I O N S

Setting Value Effect

-1 The system will automatically decide the number of items to buffer

MaxDegreeofParallelism 0 Do not add any additional concurrent threads

>= 1 Add the specified number of additional concurrent threads

-1 The system will automatically decide the number of concurrent operations to

run

MaxBufferedItemCount 0 Do not maintain a client-side buffer

>= 1 Specify the maximum size (items) of the client-side buffer

REQUEST UNITS

Request Units (RUs) is a rate-based currency

Abstracts physical resources for performing requests

Key to multi-tenancy, SLAs, and COGS efficiency

Foreground and background activities

% Memory % CPU % IOPS

REQUEST UNITS

GET =
Normalized across various access methods

1 RU =  1 read of 1 KB document
POST =
Each request consumes fixed RUs

Applies to reads, writes, query, and stored procedures

PUT =

Query =

…
REQUEST UNITS

Provisioned in terms of RU/sec

Rate limiting based on amount of throughput provisioned

Rate limit

Can be increased or decreased instantaneously

Incoming Requests
Max RU/sec
Metered Hourly
No rate limiting

Background processes like TTL expiration, index transformations

Min RU/sec

scheduled when quiescent

Replica Quiescent
MEASURING RU CHARGE

ANALYZE QUERY COMPLEXITY

The complexity of a query impacts how many Request Units are consumed for an operation. The number of predicates, nature of the
predicates, number of system functions, and the number of index matches / query results all influence the cost of query operations.

MEASURE QUERY COST

To measure the cost of any operation (create, update, or delete):

• Inspect the x-ms-request-charge header
• Inspect the RequestCharge property in ResourceResponse or FeedResponse in the SDK

NUMBER OF INDEXED TERMS IMPACTS WRITE RU CHARGES

Every write operation will require the indexer to run. The more indexed terms you have, the more indexing will be directly having an effect
on the RU charge.

You can optimize for this by fine-tuning your index policy to include only fields and/or paths certain to be used in queries.
MEASURING RU CHARGE

STABILIZED LOGICAL CHARGES

Azure Cosmos DB uses information about past runs to produce a stable logical charge for the majority of CRUD or query operations.

Since this stable charge exists, we can rely on our operations having a high degree of predictability with very little variation. We can use
the predictable RU charges for future capacity planning.

BULK OF QUERY RU CHARGES IS IO

Query RU is directly proportional to the quantity of query results.

 RU CHARGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE

ResourceResponse<Document> response = await client.CreateDocumentAsync(

collectionLink,
document
);
var requestUnits = response.RequestCharge;
 RU CHARGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE

client.createDocument(
collectionLink,
documentDefinition,
function (err, document, headers) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
var requestData = headers['x-ms-request-charge'];
}
);
 RU CHARGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE

ResourceResponse<Document> response = client.createDocument(

collectionLink,
documentDefinition,
null,
false
);

Double requestCharge = response.getRequestCharge();

REQUEST UNIT PRICING EXAMPLE

Storage Cost

Avg Record Size (KB) 1

Number of Records 100,000,000

Total Storage (GB) 100

Monthly Cost per GB $0.25
Expected Monthly Cost for Storage $25.00

Throughput Cost
Operation Type Number of Requests per Second Avg RU's per Request RU's Needed
Create 100 5 500
Read 400 1 400

Total RU/sec 900

Monthly Cost per 100 RU/sec $6.00
Expected Monthly Cost for Throughput $54.00

Total Monthly Cost

[Total Monthly Cost] = [Monthly Cost for Storage] + [Monthly Cost for Throughput]
= $25 + $54
= $79 per month

* pricing may vary by region; for up-to-date pricing, see: https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/cosmos-db/

 DEMO

Tuning a Query
VA L I D AT I N G T H R O U G H P U T L E V E L C H O I C E

1. Check if your operations are getting rate

limited.
• Requests exceeding capacity chart

2. Check if consumed throughput exceeds the

provisioned throughput on any of the physical
partitions
• Max RU/second consumed per partition chart

3. Select the time where the maximum consumed

throughput per partition exceeded provisioned
on the chart
• Max consumed throughput by each partition
chart
C R O S S - PA R T I T I O N A G G R E G AT E

LOW-LATENCY AGGREGATION WORKS ACROSS

MULTIPLE PARTITIONS
You can submit a simple SQL query and Azure Cosmos DB
handles the routing of the query among data partitions and merges
results to return the final aggregate values.

SELECT VALUE
COUNT(1)
FROM
telemetry t
WHERE
t.deviceId = "craft267_seat17"

Example – Contoso Connected Car

B O U N D E D L O C AT I O N S E A R C H U S I N G G E O - D ATA

{
"type":"Point",
GEOJSON SPECIFICATION
"coordinates":[ 31.9, -4.8 ]
}
Azure Cosmos DB supports indexing and querying of geospatial point data that's
represented using the GeoJSON specification.
{
SEARCH BY DISTANCE FROM POINT "type":"Polygon",
"coordinates":[[
The ST_DISTANCE built-in function returns the distance between the two [ 31.8, -5 ],
GeoJSON Point expressions. [ 31.8, -4.7 ],
[ 32, -4.7 ],
SEARCH WITHOUT BOUNDED POLYGON [ 32, -5 ],
[ 31.8, -5 ]
The ST_WITHIN built-in function returns a Boolean indicating whether the first ]]
GeoJSON Point expression is within a GeoJSON Polygon expression. }
D I S TA N C E F R O M C E N T E R P O I N T S E A R C H

SELECT *
FROM flights f
ST_DISTANCE
WHERE ST_DISTANCE(f.origin.location, {
"type": "Point",
ST_DISTANCE can be used to measure the distance between two points.
"coordinates": [-122.19, 47.36]
Commonly this function is used to determine if a point is within a specified range
(meters) of another point. }) < 100 * 1000
P O LY G O N S H A P E S E A R C H

SELECT *
FROM flights f
ST_WITHIN
WHERE ST_WITHIN(f.destination.location,
{
ST_WITHIN can be used to check if a point lies within a Polygon. Commonly "type": "Polygon",
Polygons are used to represent boundaries like zip codes, state boundaries, or
"coordinates": [[
natural formations.
[-124.63, 48.36],
[-123.87, 46.14],
Polygon arguments in ST_WITHIN can contain only a single ring, that is, the
Polygons must not contain holes in them. [-122.23, 45.54],
[-119.17, 45.95],
[-116.92, 45.96],
[-116.99, 49.00],
[-123.05, 49.02],
[-123.15, 48.31],
[-124.63, 48.36]
]]
})
H A N D L E A N Y D ATA W I T H N O
SCHEMA OR INDEXING
REQUIRED
Azure Cosmos DB’s schema-less service automatically indexes all your
data, regardless of the data model, to delivery blazing fast queries.

• Automatic index management

• Synchronous auto-indexing
• No schemas or secondary indices needed
GEEK
• Works across every data model

Microwave Liquid
Item Color CPU Memory Storage
safe capacity
Geek mug Graphite Yes 16ox ??? ??? ???
Coffee Tan No 12oz ??? ??? ???
Bean mug
Surface Gray ??? ??? 3.4 GHz 16GB 1 TB
book Intel SSD
Skylake
Core i7-
6600U
INDEXING JSON DOCUMENTS

{
"locations": [
{
"country": "Germany",
"city": "Berlin" locations headquarter exports
},
{
"country": "France", 0 1 Belgium 0 1
"city": "Paris"
} country city country city city city
],
"headquarter": "Belgium",
"exports": [ Germany Berlin France Paris Moscow Athens
{ "city": "Moscow" },
{ "city": "Athens" }
]
}
INDEXING JSON DOCUMENTS

{
"locations": [
{
locations headquarter exports
"country": "Germany",
"city": "Bonn",
"revenue": 200 0 Italy 0 1
}
],
"headquarter": "Italy", country city revenue city dealers city
"exports": [
{
Germany Bonn 200 Berlin 0
"city": "Berlin",
"dealers": [
{ "name": "Hans" } name
]
},
Hans
{ "city": "Athens" }
]
}
INDEXING JSON DOCUMENTS

locations headquarter exports locations headquarter exports

+
0 1 Belgium 0 1 0 Italy 0 1

country city country city city city country city revenue city dealers city

Germany Berlin France Paris Moscow Athens Germany Bonn 200 Berlin 0 Athens

name

Hans
I N V E RT E D I N D E X

{1,
2}

{1, {1, {1,

2} locations 2} headquarter 2} exports

{1, {1 {1 {2 {1, {1,

2} 0 } 1 } Belgium } Italy 2} 0 2} 1

{1, {1, {1, {1, {1, {1, {2 {1,

2} country 2} city 2} revenue 2} country 2} city 2} city } dealers 2} city

{1 {1 {1 {1
} Berlin } France } Paris } Moscow
{1,
2} Germany
{2 {2 {2 {2 {2
} Bonn } 200 } Berlin } 0 } Athens

{2
} name

{2
} Hans
INDEX POLICIES

CUSTOM INDEXING POLICIES {

"automatic": true,
Though all Azure Cosmos DB data is indexed by default, you "indexingMode": "Consistent",
can specify a custom indexing policy for your collections. Custom "includedPaths": [{
indexing policies allow you to design and customize the shape of "path": "/*",
your index while maintaining schema flexibility. "indexes": [{
"kind": "Hash",
• Define trade-offs between storage, write and query "dataType": "String",
"precision": -1
performance, and query consistency
}, {
• Include or exclude documents and paths to and from the index "kind": "Range",
"dataType": "Number",
• Configure various index types "precision": -1
}, {
"kind": "Spatial",
"dataType": "Point"
}]
}],
"excludedPaths": [{
"path": "/nonIndexedContent/*"
}]
}
O N L I N E I N D E X T R A N S F O R M AT I O N S

ON-THE-FLY INDEX CHANGES

In Azure Cosmos DB, you can make changes to the
indexing policy of a collection on the fly. Changes can
affect the shape of the index, including paths, precision
New document writes (CRUD) & queries
values, and its consistency model.
A change in indexing policy effectively requires a
transformation of the old index into a new index.
v1 v2

Policy Policy

t0 t1

PUT /colls/examplecollection GET /colls/examplecollection

{ indexingPolicy: … } x-ms-index-transformation-progress: 100
INDEX TUNING

METRICS ANALYSIS Update Index

Policy
The SQL APIs provide information about performance metrics, such as the index View Headers
storage used and the throughput cost (request units) for every operation. You can
use this information to compare various indexing policies, and for performance
Query Collection
tuning.
When running a HEAD or GET request against a collection resource, the
x-ms-request-quota and the x-ms-request-usage headers provide the storage
quota and usage of the collection.
You can use this information to compare various indexing policies, and for
Index
performance tuning.

Collection
S Q L S Y N TA X

Using the popular query language, SQL, to access

semi-structured JSON data.

This module will reference querying in the context

of the SQL API for Azure Cosmos DB.
S Q L Q U E R Y S Y N TA X

BASIC QUERY SYNTAX

The SELECT & FROM keywords are the basic components of every query.

SELECT SELECT
tickets.id, t.id,
tickets.pricePaid t.pricePaid
FROM tickets FROM tickets t
S Q L Q U E R Y S Y N TA X - W H E R E

FILTERING

WHERE supports complex scalar expressions including arithmetic, comparison and

logical operators

SELECT
tickets.id,
tickets.pricePaid
FROM tickets
WHERE
tickets.pricePaid > 500.00 AND
tickets.pricePaid <= 1000.00
S Q L Q U E R Y S Y N TA X - P R O J E C T I O N

JSON PROJECTION

If your workloads require a specific JSON schema, Azure Cosmos DB supports

JSON projection within its queries

SELECT {
"id": tickets.id,
[
"flightNumber": tickets.assignedFlight.flightNumber, {
"purchase": { "ticket": {
"id": "6ebe1165836a",
"cost": tickets.pricePaid "purchase": {
}, "cost": 575.5
},
"stops": [ "stops": [
tickets.assignedFlight.origin, "SEA",
"JFK"
tickets.assignedFlight.destination ]
] }
}
} AS ticket ]
FROM tickets
S Q L Q U E R Y S Y N TA X - P R O J E C T I O N

SELECT VALUE

The VALUE keyword can further flatten the result collection if needed for a specific
application workload

SELECT VALUE {
"id": tickets.id,
"flightNumber": tickets.assignedFlight.flightNumber, [
"purchase": { {
"id": "6ebe1165836a",
"cost": tickets.pricePaid "purchase": {
}, "cost": 575.5
},
"stops": [ "stops": [
tickets.assignedFlight.origin, "SEA",
"JFK"
tickets.assignedFlight.destination ]
] }
]
}
FROM tickets
 INTRA-DOCUMENT JOIN

Azure Cosmos DB supports intra-document JOIN’s for de-normalized arrays

Let’s assume that we have two JSON documents in a collection:

{ {
"pricePaid": 575.5, "pricePaid": 234.75,
"assignedFlight": { "assignedFlight": {
"number": "F125", "number": "F752",
"origin": "SEA", "origin": "SEA",
"destination": "JFK" "destination": "LGA"
}, },
"seat": “12A", "seat": "14C",
"requests": [ We are interested in querying an array "requests": [
internal to the document
"kosher_meal", "early_boarding",
"aisle_seat" "window_seat"
], ],
"id": "6ebe1165836a" "id": "c4991b4d2efc"
} }
SQL
 INTRA-DOCUMENT JOIN

We can filter on a particular array index position without JOIN:

[
SELECT
{
tickets.assignedFlight.number,
"number":"F125","seat":"12A",
tickets.seat,
"requests": [
ticket.requests
"kosher_meal",
FROM
"aisle_seat"
tickets
]
WHERE
}
ticket.requests[1] == "aisle_seat"
]

SQL
 INTRA-DOCUMENT JOIN

JOIN allows us to merge embedded documents or arrays across multiple documents and returned a flattened result set:

[
{
"number":"F125","seat":"12A",
"requests":"kosher_meal"
SELECT
},
tickets.assignedFlight.number,
{
tickets.seat, "number":"F125","seat":"12A",
requests "requests":"aisle_seat"

FROM },
{
tickets
"number":"F752","seat":"14C",
JOIN "requests":"early_boarding"
requests IN tickets.requests },
{
"number":"F752","seat":"14C",
"requests":"window_seat"
}
]
SQL
 INTRA-DOCUMENT JOIN

Along with JOIN, we can also filter the cross products without knowing the array index position:

[
SELECT
{
tickets.id, requests
"number":"F125","seat":"12A“,
FROM
"requests": "aisle_seat"
tickets
},
JOIN
{
requests IN tickets.requests
"number":"F752","seat":"14C",
WHERE
"requests": "window_seat"
requests
}
IN ("aisle_seat", "window_seat")
]

SQL
 PA G I N AT E D Q U E R Y R E S U LT S

Straightforward approach to paginate the results:

var query = client.CreateDocumentQuery<ExampleEntity>(collectionUri, options);

var docQuery = query.AsDocumentQuery();

List<ExampleEntity> results = new List<ExampleEntity>();

while (docQuery.HasMoreResults)
{
foreach (ExampleEntity item in await query.ExecuteNextAsync())
{
results.Add(item);
}
}
 PA G I N AT E D Q U E R Y R E S U LT S

Pagination with ToList():

var query = client.CreateDocumentQuery<ExampleEntity>(collectionUri, options);

var docQuery = query.AsDocumentQuery();

List<ExampleEntity> results = new List<ExampleEntity>();

results = query.ToList();

ToList() automatically iterates through

all pages
 PA G I N AT E D Q U E R Y R E S U LT S

Pagination with hasNext() in Java:

Iterator<Document> documents = client.queryDocuments(

collectionLink,
queryString,
options
).getQueryIterator();

while(documents.hasNext()) {
Document current = documents.next();
}
 S Q L Q U E R Y PA R A M E T R I Z AT I O N

var query = client.CreateDocumentQuery<ExampleEntity>(collectionUri,

    new SqlQuerySpec
{
QueryText = "SELECT * FROM dataset s WHERE (s.id = @id)",
Parameters = new SqlParameterCollection
{
new SqlParameter("@id", “exampleIdentifier")
}
}, options
);

List<ExampleEntity> results = new List<ExampleEntity>();

results = query.ToList<ExampleEntity>();
 S Q L Q U E RY I N L I N Q

var query = client.CreateDocumentQuery<ExampleEntity>(collectionUri, options);

var docQuery = query

.Where(s => s.LastName == "Andersen")
.Select(s => new { Name = s.LastName })
.AsDocumentQuery();

List<ExampleEntity> results = new List<ExampleEntity>();

results = query.ToList<ExampleEntity>();
HANDS-ON Tasks:

EXERCISE 1. Executing Simple Queries

2. Running Intra-document
Q U E RY I N G T H E
D AT A B A S E U S I N G Queries
SQL 3. Projecting Query Results
PROGRAMMING

Run native JavaScript server-side programming

logic to performic atomic multi-record transactions.

This module will reference programming in the

context of the SQL API.
GEEK
C O N T R O L C O N C U R R E N C Y U S I N G E TA G S

OPTIMISTIC CONCURRENCY

• The SQL API supports optimistic concurrency control (OCC) through HTTP entity tags, or ETags

• Every SQL API resource has an ETag system property, and the ETag value is generated on the server every time a document is updated.

• If the ETag value stays constant – that means no other process has updated the document. If the ETag value unexpectedly mutates – then
another concurrent process has updated the document.

• ETags can be used with the If-Match HTTP request header to allow the server to decide whether a resource should be
updated:
If-Match
ETag Match
Check
ETag

HTTP 412
ETag Stale
 C O N T R O L C O N C U R R E N C Y U S I N G E TA G S

try

var ac = new AccessCondition { Condition = readDoc.ETag, Type = AccessConditionType.IfMatch };

updatedDoc = await client.ReplaceDocumentAsync(readDoc, new RequestOptions { AccessCondition = ac });

catch (DocumentClientException dce)

if (dce.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.PreconditionFailed)

Console.WriteLine("Another concurrent process has updated the record");

}
STORED PROCEDURES

BENEFITS
• Familiar programming language
• Atomic Transactions
• Built-in Optimizations
• Business Logic Encapsulation
 SIMPLE STORED PROCEDURE

function createSampleDocument(documentToCreate) {
var context = getContext();
var collection = context.getCollection();
var accepted = collection.createDocument(
collection.getSelfLink(),
documentToCreate,
function (error, documentCreated) {
context.getResponse().setBody(documentCreated.id)
}
);
if (!accepted) return;
}
M U LT I - D O C U M E N T T R A N S A C T I O N S

DATABASE TRANSACTIONS
In a typical database, a transaction can be defined as a
sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of
work. Each transaction provides ACID guarantees.
In Azure Cosmos DB, JavaScript is hosted in the same
memory space as the database. Hence, requests made within
stored procedures and triggers execute in the same scope of a
database session.
Stored procedures utilize snapshot
isolation to guarantee all reads
within the transaction will see a
consistent snapshot of the data

Create Update Delete

Query
New Existing Existing
Collection
Document Document Document
BOUNDED EXECUTION

EXECUTION WITHIN TIME BOUNDARIES

All Azure Cosmos DB operations must complete within the server-specified request timeout duration. If an operation does not
complete within that time limit, the transaction is rolled back. 

HELPER BOOLEAN VALUE

All functions under the collection object (for create, read, replace, and delete of documents and attachments) return a Boolean
value that represents whether that operation will complete: 
• If true, the operation is expected to complete
• If false, the time limit will soon be reached and your function should end execution as soon as possible.
T R A N S A C T I O N C O N T I N U AT I O N M O D E L

CONTINUING LONG-RUNNING TRANSACTIONS

• JavaScript functions can implement a continuation-based model to
batch/resume execution
• The continuation value can be any value of your own choosing. This
value can then be used by your applications to resume a
transaction from a new “starting point”

Bulk Create Documents

Observe
Each
Try Create Return Done
Document
Value

Return a “pointer” to resume later

CONTROL FLOW

JAVASCRIPT CONTROL FLOW

Stored procedures allow you to naturally express control flow, variable scoping, assignment, and integration of exception handling
primitives with database transactions directly in terms of the JavaScript programming language.

ES6 PROMISES

ES6 promises can be used to implement promises for Azure Cosmos DB stored procedures. Unfortunately, promises “swallow”
exceptions by default. It is recommended to use callbacks instead of ES6 promises.
 STORED PROCEDURE CONTROL FLOW

function createTwoDocuments(docA, docB) {

var ctxt = getContext(); var coll = context.getCollection(); var collLink = coll.getSelfLink();

var aAccepted = coll.createDocument(collLink, docA, docACallback);

function docACallback(error, created) {

var bAccepted = coll.createDocument(collLink, docB, docBCallback);

if (!bAccepted) return;

};

function docBCallback(error, created) {

context.getResponse().setBody({

"firstDocId": created.id,

"secondDocId": created.id

});

};

}
 STORED PROCEDURE CONTROL FLOW

function createTwoDocuments(docA, docB) {

var ctxt = getContext(); var coll = context.getCollection(); var collLink = coll.getSelfLink();

var aAccepted = coll.createDocument(collLink, docA, function(docAError, docACreated) {

var bAccepted = coll.createDocument(collLink, docB, function(docBError, docBCreated) {

context.getResponse().setBody({

"firstDocId": docACreated.id, Nesting your callbacks is just as valid of

a method as using named callback
"secondDocId": docBCreated.id functions

});

});

if (!aAccepted) return;

});

if (!bAccepted) return;

}
ROLLING BACK TRANSACTIONS

TRANSACTION ROLL-BACK

Inside a JavaScript function, all operations are automatically wrapped under a single transaction: 
• If the function completes without any exception, all data changes are committed
• If there is any exception that’s thrown from the script, Azure Cosmos DB’s JavaScript runtime will roll back the whole transaction.

Implicit Implicit
BEGIN TRANSACTION COMMIT TRANSACTION

Update Delete
Create New Query
Existing Existing
Document Collection
Document Document
Implicit Transaction Scope
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
If exception, undo changes
TRANSACTION ROLLBACK IN STORED PROCEDURE

collection.createDocument(
collection.getSelfLink(),
documentToCreate,
function (error, documentCreated) {
if (error) throw "Unable to create document, aborting...";
}
);
collection.createDocument(
documentToReplace._self,
replacementDocument,
function (error, documentReplaced) {
if (error) throw "Unable to update document, aborting...";
}
);
DEBUGGING STORED PROCEDURES

CONSOLE LOGGING

Much like with traditional JavaScript applications, you can use console.log() to capture various telemetry and data points for your running
code.

VIEWING SCRIPT LOGS

.NET
You must opt-in to viewing and capturing console output using the EnableScriptLogging boolean property available in the client
SDK. The SDK has a ScriptLog property on the StoredProcedureResponse class that contains the captured output of the JavaScript
console log.
 DEBUGGING STORED PROCEDURES

var response = await client.ExecuteStoredProcedureAsync(

document.SelfLink,
new RequestOptions
{
EnableScriptLogging = true
}
);
String logData = response.ScriptLog;
 DEBUGGING STORED PROCEDURES

RequestOptions requestOptions = new RequestOptions();

requestOptions.EnableScriptLogging = true;

StoredProcedureResponse response = client.executeStoredProcedure(

storedProcLink,
requestOptions,
new Object[]{}
);
 DEMO

Authoring Stored Procedures

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS

UDF

• User-defined functions (UDFs) are used to extend the Azure Cosmos DB SQL API’s query language grammar and
implement custom business logic. UDFs can only be called from inside queries

• They do not have access to the context object and are meant to be used as compute-only code
 USER-DEFINED FUNCTION DEFINITION

var taxUdf = {
id: "tax",
serverScript: function tax(income) {
if (income == undefined) 
throw 'no input’;
if (income < 1000)
return income * 0.1;
else if (income < 10000)
return income * 0.2;
else
return income * 0.4;
}
}
 USER-DEFINED FUNCTION USAGE IN QUERIES

SELECT
*
FROM
TaxPayers t
WHERE
udf.tax(t.income) > 20000

SQL
 DEMO

Authoring User-Defined Functions

MODERN REACTIVE
A P P L I C AT I O N S

IoT, gaming, retail and operational logging applications need

to track and respond to tremendous amount of data
being ingested, modified or removed from a globally-scaled
database. Change feed

COMMON SCENARIOS
• Trigger notification for new items
• Perform real-time analytics on streamed data
• Synchronize data with a cache, search engine or data
warehouse.
CHANGE FEED

Persistent log of records within an Azure Cosmos DB

container. Preseneted in the order in which they were
modified

New Events

Azure Cosmos DB Change feed

CHANGE FEED SCENARIOS

Event-Computing and Notifications

Retail, Gaming, Content management
Trigger a call to an API when a
document is inserted or modified

Azure Azure App

Azure functions Notification Hubs Service

Stream processing
Perform real-time (stream) IoT processing, Data science & analytics
processing on updates to data
New Events

Azure Stream Azure Apache Apache

Analytics Databricks Spark Storm
Azure Cosmos DB Change feed
Data movement
Enterprise data management
Move, clone, or archive data
to cold storage

Azure Azure Data Lake Azure

Storage Blob Cosmos DB
E V E N T S O U R C I N G F O R M I C R O S E RV I C E S

Trigger Action
From Change Feed

Persistent Event Store

Microservice #1

New Event Microservice #2

…
Azure Cosmos DB Change feed

Microservice #N
M AT E R I A L I Z I N G V I E W S

Application

Azure Cosmos DB Materialized View

Subscription User Create Date … User Total Subscriptions

123abc Ben6 6/17/17 Ben6 2
456efg Ben6 3/14/17 Jen4 1
789hij Jen4 8/1/16 Joe3 1
012klm Joe3 3/4/17
Change feed
R E P L I C AT I N G D ATA

Secondary Datastore
(e.g. archive)

Replicated Records
CRUD Data

Azure Cosmos DB Change feed

C H A N G E F E E D W I T H PA R T I T I O N S

Consumer parallelization
Change feed listens for any changes in Azure Cosmos DB
Event/stream
collection. It then outputs the sorted list of documents that were processing app tier
changed in the order in which they were modified. 
Consumer 3
The changes are persisted, can be processed asynchronously and
incrementally, and the output can be distributed across one or
more consumers for parallel processing. The change feed is
available for each partition key range within the document
collection, and thus can be distributed across one or more Consumer 2
consumers for parallel processing.

Consumer 1
CHANGE FEED – RETRIEVING KEY RANGES

string pkRangesResponseContinutation = null;

List<PartitionKeyRange> partitionKeyRanges = new List<PartitionKeyRange>();
do
{
FeedResponse<PartitionKeyRange> pkPagesResponse = await client.ReadPartitionKeyRangeFeedAsync(
collectionUri,
new FeedOptions { RequestContinutation = pkRangesResponseContinutation }
);
partitionKeyRanges.AddRange(pkRangesResponse);
pkRangesResponseContinutation = pkRangesResponse.ResponseContinutation;
}
while (pkRangesResponseContinutation != null);
CHANGE FEED - CONSUMING CHANGE FEED

foreach (PartitionKeyRange pkRange in partitionKeyRanges)

{
string continuation = null;
checkpoints.TryGetValue(pkRange.Id, out continutation);
IDocumentQuery<Document> query = client.CreateDocumentChangeFeedQuery(
collection,
new ChangeFeedOptions
{
PartitionKeyRangeId = pkRange.Id,
StartFromBeginning = true,
RequestContinutation = continuation,
MaxItemCount = 1
}
);
...

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

 CHANGE FEED PRIMITIVES - CONSUME CHANGE
FEED
...
         while (query.HasMoreResults)
{
FeedResponse<DeviceReading> readChangesResponse = query.ExecuteNextAsync<DeviceReading>().Result;
foreach (DeviceReading changedDocument in readChangesResponse)
{
Console.WriteLine(changedDocument.Id);
}
checkpoints[pkRange.Id] = readChangesResponse.ResponseContinuation;
}
}
C H A N G E F E E D P R O C E S S O R L I B R A RY

https://www.nuget.org/packages/M
icrosoft.Azure.DocumentDB.Chan
geFeedProcessor
/
CHANGE FEED PROCESSOR –
BEHIND THE SCENES
CHANGE FEED PROCESSOR –
I N T E R F A C E I M P L E M E N TAT I O N
public class DocumentFeedObserver : IChangeFeedObserver
{
...
public Task IChangeFeedObserver.ProcessChangesAsync(ChangeFeedObserverContext context, IReadOnlyList<Document>
docs)
{
Console.WriteLine("Change feed: {0} documents", Interlocked.Add(ref totalDocs, docs.Count));
foreach(Document doc in docs)
{
Console.WriteLine(doc.Id.ToString());
}
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
C H A N G E F E E D P R O C E S S O R   - R E G I S T R AT I O N

DocumentFeedObserver docObserver = new DocumentFeedObserver();

ChangeFeedEventHost host = new ChangeFeedEventHost(
hostName,
documentCollectionLocation,
leaseCollectionLocation,
feedOptions,
feedHostOptions
);
await host.RegisterObserverAsync(docObserverFactory);
 DEMO

Change Feed Usage

 Tasks:
1. Create Simple Stored
HANDS-ON Procedure
EXERCISE 2. Manipulate Multiple
Documents in Stored
AUTHORING
STORED Procedure
PROCEDURES
U S I N G J AVA S C R I P T 3. Implement Custom
Continuation Model
TROUBLESHOOTING

Using HTTP/REST response status codes and

headers to diagnose and troubleshoot requests.

This module will reference troubleshooting in the

context of all Azure Cosmos DB modules and APIs.
A N A LY Z I N G H T T P R E S P O N S E S

RESPONSE STATUS CODES

When a request is unsuccessful, Azure Cosmos DB responds using well-
defined HTTP status codes that can provide more detail into exactly why a
specific request failed.
HTTP response codes
RESPONSE HEADERS
2xx Success
Azure Cosmos DB uses a variety of HTTP headers to offer insight into the
result of requests, error conditions, and useful metadata to perform actions 4xx Client Errors
such as:
5xx Server Errors
• Resume request

• Measure RU/s charge associated with request

• Access newly created resource directly.

R E S P O N S E S TAT U S C O D E S

Code Meaning

200 OK GET, PUT or POST operation was successful

201 Created Resource created successfully using a POST operation

204 No Content Resource deleted successfully using a DELETE operation

401 Unauthorized Invalid Authorization header

Authorization token expired

403 Forbidden Resource quota reached when attempting to create a document
Stored Procedure, Trigger or UDF is blacklisted from executed

409 Request Timeout Stored Procedure, Trigger or UDF exceeded maximum execution time
R E S P O N S E S TAT U S C O D E S

Header Value

409 Conflict The item Id for a PUT or POST operation conflicts with an existing item

412 Precondition Failure The specified eTag is different from the version on the server (optimistic
concurrency error)

413 Entity Too Large The item size exceeds maximum allowable document size of 2MB

429 Too Many Requests Container has exceeded provisioned throughput limit

449 Retry With Transient error has occurred, safe to retry

50x Server-side error. If effort persists, contact support

RESPONSE HEADERS

Header Value

x-ms-activity-id Unique identifier for the operation

x-ms-serviceversion Service Version used for request/response

x-ms-schemaversion Schema Version used for request/response

x-ms-item-count In a query (or read-feed), the number of items returned

x-ms-alt-content-path REST URI to access resource using user-supplied IDs

etag The same value as the _etag property of the requested item
RESPONSE HEADERS

Header Value

x-ms-continuation Token returned if a query (or read-feed) has more results and is resubmitted by
clients as a request header to resume execution

x-ms-session-token Used to maintain session consistency. Clients much echo this as a request
header in subsequent operations to the same container

x-ms-request-charge Number of normalized RU/s for the operation

x-ms-resource-quota Allotted quota for the specified resource in the account

x-ms-resource-usage Current usage count of the specified resource in the account

x-ms-retry-after-ms If rate limited, the number of milliseconds to wait before retrying the
operation
 DEMO

Viewing REST API Response Metadata

I D E N T I F Y I N G R AT E L I M I T I N G

HTTP RESPONSE STATUS CODE

A rate limited request will return a HTTP status code of 429 (Too Many
Requests). This response indicates that the container has exceeded provisioned
throughput limit.

HTTP RESPONSE HEADER

A rate limited request will also have a x-ms-retry-after-ms header. This header
gives the number of milliseconds your application should wait before retrying the
current request.

AUTOMATIC RETRY ON THROTTLE

The SDK automatically retries any throttled requests. This can potentially create
a long-running client-side method that is attempting to retry throttled requests.
LOGGING

WHAT IS LOGGED BY AZURE DIAGNOSTIC LOGS

All authenticated backend requests across all protocols and
APIs
• Includes failed requests
Database operations
• Includes CRUD operations on all resources
Account Key operations
Unauthenticated requests
• Requests that result in a 401 response
V I E W I N G L O G S I N L O G A N A LY T I C S

ENABLE LOGGING

Diagnostic Logs for Azure Services are opt-in. You should first enable logging (using the Portal, CLI or PowerShell).

Logs take, on average, about two hours to be made available.

LOG ANALYTICS

If you selected the Send to Log Analytics option when you turned on diagnostic logging, diagnostic data from your collection is forwarded
to Log Analytics.

From within the Log Analytics portal experience, you can:

• Search logs using the expanded Log Analytics query language
• Visualize the results of a query as a graph
• Pin a graph visualization of a query to your Azure portal dashboard
 DEMO

Viewing Logs in Log Analytics

 Tasks:
1. Simulate a Usage
Spike in Requests
HANDS-ON
EXERCISE 2. View Response
Metadata
TROUBLESHOOTING
F A I L E D A N D R AT E 3. Third exercise task
LIMITED REQUESTS
MODELING &
PLANNING

Modeling data & configuring containers to take

advantage of Azure Cosmos DB strengths.

This module will reference modeling in the context

of all Azure Cosmos DB modules and APIs.
C O N TA I N E R S

CONTAINERS

• Containers do NOT enforce schema

• There are benefits to co-locate multiple types in a container

• Annotate records with a "type" property

CO-LOCATING TYPES IN THE SAME CONTAINER

• Ability to query across multiple entity types with a single network request.

• Ability to perform transactions across multiple types

• Cost: reduce physical partition footprint

 C O - L O C AT I N G T Y P E S

Ability to query across multiple entity types with a single network request.

For example, we have two types of documents: cat and person.

 
{
{
   "id": "Andrew",
   "id": "Ralph",
   "type": "Person",
   "type": "Cat",
   "familyId": "Liu",
   "familyId": "Liu",
   "worksOn": "Azure Cosmos DB"
   "fur": {
}
         "length": "short",
         "color": "brown"
   }
}

We can query both types of documents without needing a JOIN simply by running a query without a filter on type:

SELECT * FROM c WHERE c.familyId = "Liu"

If we wanted to filter on type = “Person”, we can simply add a filter on type to our query:

SELECT * FROM c WHERE c.familyId = "Liu" AND c.type = "Person"

U P D AT I N G N O R M A L I Z E D D AT A

{
"id": "08259",
UPDATES ARE ATOMIC "ticketPrice": 255.00,
"flightCode": "3754",
Update operations update the entire document, not specific fields or "origin": {
“parts” of the document. "airport": "SEA",
"gate": "A13",
DE-NORMALIZED DOCUMENTS CAN BE EXPENSIVE TO "departure": "2014-09-15T23:14:25.7251173Z"
UPDATE },
"destination": {
De-normalization has benefits for read operations, but you must weigh "airport": "JFK",
this against the costs in write operations. "gate": "D4",
"arrival": "2014-09-16T02:10:10.2379581Z"
De-normalization may require fanning out update operations. },
"pilot": [{
Normalization may require chaining a series of requests to "id": "EBAMAO",
resolve relationships. “name": "Hailey Nelson"
}]
}
U P D AT I N G N O R M A L I Z E D D AT A

Normalized: Optimized for writes over reads De-normalized: Optimized for reads over
writes

{ {
"id": "08259", "id": "08259",
"pilot": [{ "id": "EBAMAO", “name": "Hailey Nelson“ }] "ticketPrice": 255.00,
}, "flightCode": "3754",
{ "origin": {
"id": "08259", "airport": "SEA",
"ticketPrice": 255.00, "gate": "A13",
"flightCode": "3754" "departure": "2014-09-15T23:14:25.7251173Z"
}, },
{ "destination": {
"id": "08259", "airport": "JFK",
"origin": { "gate": "D4",
"airport": "SEA", "gate": "A13", "arrival": "2014-09-16T02:10:10.2379581Z"
"departure": "2014-09-15T23:14:25.7251173Z" },
}, "pilot": [{
"destination": { "id": "EBAMAO",
"airport": "JFK", "gate": "D4", “name": "Hailey Nelson"
"arrival": "2014-09-16T02:10:10.2379581Z" }]
} }
}
U P D AT I N G N O R M A L I Z E D D AT A

{
"id": "08259",
THE SOLUTION IS TYPICALLY A COMPROMISE BASED ON "flightCode": "3754",
YOUR WORKLOAD "pilot": [{ "id": "EBAMAO", “name": "Hailey Nelson“ }]
},
Examine your workload. Answer the following questions: {
• Which fields are commonly updated together? "id": "08259",
• What are the most common fields included in all queries? "flightCode": "3754",
"ticketPrice": 255.00,
Example: The ticketPrice, origin and destination fields are "origin": {
often updated together. The pilot field is only rarely updated. "airport": "SEA", "gate": "A13",
The flightCode field is included in almost all queries across the "departure": "2014-09-15T23:14:25.7251173Z"
board. },
"destination": {
"airport": "JFK", "gate": "D4",
"arrival": "2014-09-16T02:10:10.2379581Z"
}
}
S H O R T- L I F E T I M E
D AT A

Some data produced by applications are only useful

for a finite period of time:
• Machine-generated event data
• Application log data
• User session information
It is important that the database system systematically purges
this data at pre-configured intervals.
TIME-TO-LIVE (TTL)

AUTOMATICALLY PURGE DATA

Azure Cosmos DB allows you to set the length of time in which
documents live in the database before being automatically purged.
A document's "time-to-live" (TTL) is measured in seconds from
the last modification and can be set at the collection level with
override on a per-document basis.
The TTL value is specified in the _ts field which exists on every
document. 
• The _ts field is a unix-style epoch timestamp representing the
date and time. The _ts field is updated every time a document
is modified.
Once TTL is set, Azure Cosmos DB will automatically remove
documents that exist after that period of time.
EXPIRING RECORDS USING TIME-TO-LIVE

TTL BEHAVIOR
The TTL feature is controlled by TTL properties at two levels -
the collection level and the document level.
• DefaultTTL for the collection
• If missing (or set to null), documents are not deleted
Document
automatically.
• If present and the value is "-1" = infinite – documents Document TTL
don’t expire by default
• If present and the value is some number ("n") –
Default TTL
documents expire "n” seconds after last modification
• TTL for the documents:
Collection
• Property is applicable only if DefaultTTL is present for
the parent collection.
• Overrides the DefaultTTL value for the parent
collection.
The values are set in seconds and are treated as a delta from the
_ts that the document was last modified at.
 DEMO

Pruning old records using TTL Values

TURNKEY GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

High Availability
• Automatic and Manual Failover

• Multi-homing API removes need for app redeployment

Low Latency (anywhere in the world)

• Packets cannot move fast than the speed of light

• Sending a packet across the world under ideal network

conditions takes 100’s of milliseconds
• You can cheat the speed of light – using data locality
• CDN’s solved this for static content
• Azure Cosmos DB solves this for dynamic content
TURNKEY GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Container
• Automatic and transparent replication worldwide
Partition-key = "airport"
• Each partition hosts a replica set per region
"airport" : "LAX" "airport" : “AMS" "airport" : “MEL"

• Customers can test end to end application availability Writes/ Reads

Reads
Reads

by programmatically simulating failovers West US

Global Distribution (of resource partitions)

Writes/
30K transactions/sec
• All regions are hidden behind a single global URI Reads
Reads Reads

with multi-homing capabilities

West Europe

• Customers can dynamically add / remove additional 30K transactions/sec

regions at any time

Local Distribution (via horizontal partitioning)

R E P L I C AT I N G D AT A G L O B A L LY
R E P L I C AT I N G D AT A G L O B A L LY
R E P L I C AT I N G D AT A G L O B A L LY
A U T O M AT I C F A I L O V E R
 A U T O M AT I C F A I L O V E R

DocumentClient client;
ConnectionPolicy policy = new ConnectionPolicy()
{
ConnectionMode = ConnectionMode.Direct,
ConnectionProtocol = Protocol.Tcp
};
policy.PreferredLocations.Add(LocationNames.CentralUS); //first preference
policy.PreferredLocations.Add(LocationNames.SoutheastAsia); //second preference
policy.PreferredLocations.Add(LocationNames.NorthEurope); //third preference

client = new DocumentClient(new Uri(endpointUri), PrimaryKey, connectionPolicy: policy);

M A N U A L FA I L O V E R
BREWER’S CAP THEOREM

Impossible for distributed data

store to simultaneously provide
more than 2 out of the
following 3 guarantees:
• Consistency
• Availability
• Partition Tolerance
 CONSISTENCY

(West US)
(East US)
Value = 5 6
Value = 5 6
Update 5 => 6

(North Europe)
Value = 5

Reader: What is the value?

What happens when a
Should it see 5? (prioritize availability)
network partition is
Or does the system go offline until
introduced?
network is restored? (prioritize
consistency)
PACELC THEOREM

In the case of network

partitioning (P) in a distributed
computer system, one has to
choose between availability
(A) and consistency (C) (as per
the CAP theorem), but else (E),
even when the system is
running normally in the
absence of partitions, one has
to choose between latency (L)
and consistency (C).
 CONSISTENCY

Latency: packet of information can travel as fast as speed of light. Replication between distant geographic regions can take 100’s of milliseconds

Value = 5 6
Value = 5 6
Update 5 => 6

Value = 5
 CONSISTENCY

Reader A: What is the value?

Value = 5 6
Value = 5 6
Update 5 => 6

Value = 5

Should it Reader B see 5 immediately?

(prioritize latency)

Does it see the same result as reader A?

(quorum impacts throughput)

Does it sit and wait for 5 => 6 propagate?

Reader B: What is the value? (prioritize consistency)
FIVE WELL-DEFINED CONSISTENCY MODELS

CHOOSE THE BEST CONSISTENCY MODEL FOR YOUR APP

CLEAR TRADEOFFS
Five well-defined, consistency models
• Latency
Overridable on a per-request basis
• Availability
Provides control over performance-consistency tradeoffs, backed
by comprehensive SLAs. • Throughput

An intuitive programming model offering low latency and high

availability for your planet-scale app.

Strong Bounded-staleness Session Consistent prefix Eventual

CONSISTENCY MODELS - BREAKDOWN

Consistency Level Guarantees

Strong Linearizability (once operation is complete, it will be visible to all)

Bounded Staleness Consistent Prefix.

Reads lag behind writes by at most k prefixes or t interval
Similar properties to strong consistency (except within staleness window), while
preserving 99.99% availability and low latency.

Session Consistent Prefix.

Within a session: monotonic reads, monotonic writes, read-your-writes, write-follows-
reads
Predictable consistency for a session, high read throughput + low latency

Consistent Prefix Reads will never see out of order writes (no gaps).

Eventual Potential for out of order reads. Lowest cost for reads of all consistency levels.
DEMYSTIFYING CONSISTENCY MODELS

Strong consistency

Guarantees linearizability. Once an operation is complete, it will be visible to

all readers in a strongly-consistent manner across replicas. Strong

Eventual consistency

Replicas are eventually consistent with any operations. There is a potential for
out-of-order reads. Lowest cost and highest performance for reads of all
consistency levels.

Eventual
STRONG CONSISTENCY

• Strong consistency offers a linearizability guarantee with the reads guaranteed to return the most recent version of an item.
• Strong consistency guarantees that a write is only visible after it is committed durably by the majority quorum of replicas.
• A client is always guaranteed to read the latest acknowledged write.
• The cost of a read operation (in terms of request units consumed) with strong consistency is higher than session and eventual, but the
same as bounded staleness.
EVENTUAL CONSISTENCY

• Eventual consistency guarantees that in absence of any further writes, the replicas within the group eventually converge.
• Eventual consistency is the weakest form of consistency where a client may get the values that are older than the ones it had seen before.
• Eventual consistency provides the weakest read consistency but offers the lowest latency for both reads and writes.
• The cost of a read operation (in terms of RUs consumed) with the eventual consistency level is the lowest of all the Azure Cosmos DB
consistency levels.
DEMYSTIFYING CONSISTENCY MODELS

Bounded-staleness

Consistent prefix. Reads lag behind writes by at most k prefixes or t interval.

Similar properties to strong consistency except within staleness window.

Bounded-staleness
Session

Consistent prefix. Within a session, reads and writes are monotonic. This is referred
to as “read-your-writes” and “write-follows-reads”. Predictable consistency for a
session. High read throughput and low latency outside of session. Session

Consistent Prefix

Reads will never see out of order writes.

Consistent prefix
B O U N D E D S TA L E N E S S C O N S I S T E N C Y

• Bounded staleness consistency guarantees that the reads may lag behind writes by at most K versions or prefixes of an item or t time-
interval.
• Bounded staleness offers total global order except within the "staleness window." The monotonic read guarantees exist within a region
both inside and outside the "staleness window."
• Bounded staleness provides a stronger consistency guarantee than session, consistent-prefix, or eventual consistency.
• The cost of a read operation (in terms of RUs consumed) with bounded staleness is higher than session and eventual consistency, but the
same as strong consistency.
SESSION CONSISTENCY

• Unlike the global consistency models offered by strong and bounded staleness consistency levels, session consistency is scoped to a
client session.
• Session consistency is ideal for all scenarios where a device or user session is involved since it guarantees monotonic reads, monotonic
writes, and read your own writes (RYW) guarantees.
• Session consistency provides predictable consistency for a session, and maximum read throughput while offering the lowest latency
writes and reads.
• The cost of a read operation (in terms of RUs consumed) with session consistency level is less than strong and bounded staleness, but
more than eventual consistency.
CONSISTENT PREFIX CONSISTENCY

• Consistent prefix guarantees that in absence of any further writes, the replicas within the group eventually converge.
• Consistent prefix guarantees that reads never see out of order writes. If writes were performed in the order A, B, C, then a client sees
either A, A,B, or A,B,C, but never out of order like A,C or B,A,C.
B O U N D E D S T A L E N E S S I N T H E P O R TA L

Bounded-staleness

BOUNDS ARE SET SERVER-SIDE VIA THE AZURE PORTAL

 SESSION CONSISTENCY IN CODE

Session

SESSION IS CONTROLLED USING A “SESSION TOKEN”

• Session tokens are automatically cached by the Client SDK
• Can be pulled out and used to override other requests (to preserve session between multiple clients)

string sessionToken;

using (DocumentClient client = new DocumentClient(new Uri(""), "")) using (DocumentClient client = new DocumentClient(new Uri(""),
{ ""))
ResourceResponse<Document> response = client.CreateDocumentAsync( {
collectionLink, ResourceResponse<Document> read = client.ReadDocumentAsync(
new { id = "an id", value = "some value" } documentLink,
).Result; new RequestOptions { SessionToken = sessionToken }
sessionToken = response.SessionToken; ).Result;
} }
 RELAXING CONSISTENCY IN CODE

Strong Bounded-staleness Session Consistent prefix Eventual

CONSISTENCY CAN BE RELAXED ON A PER-REQUEST BASIS

client.ReadDocumentAsync(
documentLink,
new RequestOptions { ConsistencyLevel = ConsistencyLevel.Eventual }
);
© 2018 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.