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Mathematical Logic: Ngec 4 Mathematics in The Modern World

[1] The document discusses mathematical logic and symbolic logic. It provides examples of writing statements in symbolic logic using symbols for logical connectives like conjunction, disjunction, negation, implication and equivalence. [2] Truth tables are introduced as a way to determine the logical validity of compound statements. Examples show how to write compound statements symbolically and identify their truth values in a truth table. [3] Different logical forms like the converse, inverse and contrapositive of conditional statements are defined. Examples demonstrate writing conditional statements in these different forms both in words and symbols.

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914 views

Mathematical Logic: Ngec 4 Mathematics in The Modern World

[1] The document discusses mathematical logic and symbolic logic. It provides examples of writing statements in symbolic logic using symbols for logical connectives like conjunction, disjunction, negation, implication and equivalence. [2] Truth tables are introduced as a way to determine the logical validity of compound statements. Examples show how to write compound statements symbolically and identify their truth values in a truth table. [3] Different logical forms like the converse, inverse and contrapositive of conditional statements are defined. Examples demonstrate writing conditional statements in these different forms both in words and symbols.

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Jesus Christ
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MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

NGEC 4
Mathematics in the Modern World
SCOPE

1. Write statements in symbolic logic

2. Write the statements in logical form

3. Construct a truth table for a given compound statement

4. Use truth table for logical equivalence

5. Write conditional statements in other forms


COURSE OUTCOME

CO NO. 1 : Power Point presentation on Mathematical Logic

LO No. 1: To help the students to familiarize the propositional


statements into symbolic logic

LO No. 2: To familiarize the logical symbols and its uses in


mathematical logic.
OVERVIEW OF THE LESSON

III.OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE

TLA No. 1Instructions: If you think the statement is correct write


Agree, otherwise write Disagree

1. The statements 2,5 is a disjunction


2. The statement ~p ^ p is a self-contradiction.
TLA No. 2 : Instructions: Answer the following Exercises

1. Formalize each statements using the following propositions

p: Paul is happy
q: Queenie is happy
r: Paul plays the guitar

1. Both Paul and Queenie are happy


2. Paul plays the guitar provided that he is happy
3. If Paul is happy and plays the guitar, then queenie is not happy
CONTENT DISCUSSION

1. Write statements in symbolic form

2. Write symbolic forms in word

3. Construct a truth table for a given compound statement

4. Use truth table for logical equivalence

5. Write conditional statement in other forms


1.1 TLA No. 1: SYMBOLIC LOGIC

WRITE THE STATEMENTS INTO SYMBOLIC FORM AND SYMBOLIC FORM


INTO WORD

1.2 TLA No. 2: SYMBOLIC STATEMENTS IN TRUTH TABLES

IDENTIFY SYMBOLIC STATEMENTS IN THE TRUTH TABLE


MATHEMATICS IN SYMBOLIC FORM

Symbolic logic is a powerful tool for analysis and communication in


mathematics. It represents the natural language with symbols and
variables.

A statement is an assertion which can be regarded as true or


false. A simple statement is a single statement which does not
contain other statements as parts. A compound statement contains
two or more statements. A logical connective combines simple
statements into compound statements.
The following are simple statements.

A. I will go to the mall


B. The sky is cloudy
C. You will receive your promotion
D. The function of f(x) is continuous
The main parts of symbolic logic are statements and connectives. The following table shows
some basic propositional logic with symbols
Consider the following statements

Example 1:
h: Harry is not happy.
v: Harry is going to watch a volleyball game
r: It is going to rain
s: Today is Sunday

~h: Harry is happy


~v: Harry is not going to watch a volleyball game
~r: It is not going to rain
~s: Today is not Sunday
Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy = s^h


b. Today is Sunday and Harry is not going to watch a volleyball game. = s^ ~v
c. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going to watch a volleyball game. r→ ~v
d. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and only if he is happy.= v↔ ~h
e. Harry is happy only if it’s not going to rain. = ~h→ ~r
f. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game or it is going to rain. = v v r
Solution:

a. s ^ h c. R ~v e. ~h  ~r
b. s ^ ~v d. v  ~h f. v v r
Example 2:

p: Gian plays volleyball ~p: Gian does not play volleyball


q: Lanz plays basketball ~q: Lanz does not play basketball

a. ~p c. p~q
b. p ^ q d. p v(~pq)
Solution:

a. Gian does not play volleyball


b. Gian plays volleyball and lanz plays basketball
c. If Gian plays volleyball then lanz does not play basketball
d. Gian plays volleyball, or if Gian does not play volleyball,then lanz
plays basketball
Example 3:

s: A polygon has three sides


t: A polygon is a triangle

Write the given statements in symbolic form

If a polygon has three sides and if then a polygon is a triangle

Solution:
St
Example 4

p: Adele is a singer
q: Adele is a songwriter
r: Adele is an actress
a. Write p ^ q  ~r in words
b. Write if Adele is an actress, then adele is not a singer and adele is not
a songwriter
In symbolic form

Solution:
a. If Adele is a singer and Adele is songwriter, then Adele is not an
actress.
b. r (~p ^ ~q)
The converse, the Inverse, and the Contrapositive

The conditional statement p (antecedent)q (consequent), has the following


terms
a. If p, then q j. p yields q
b. p implies q k. q follows from p
c. p only if q
d. not p or q
e. Every p is q
f. q if p
g. q provided that p
h. q is necessary condition for p
Example 6

Consider the following statements

p: x is a prime number
q: x is odd
Formalize the following statements

a. x being prime is sufficient condition for being odd


b. x being odd is a necessary condition for being prime

Solution
a. p  q
b. p q
Example 7

Write each statements in the form If p then q


a. I will be able to tour abroad next year provided that I have my password renewed.
b. Every triangle that is not a triangle is an oblique triangle

Solution:
a. If I have my passport renewed, then I will be able to tour abroad next year.
b. If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is an oblique triangle
In Mathematics Failure is not an Option but it is a Choice

- MICHAEL BARREDO AB, MS,.

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