1

CHAPTER 3
C#
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPTS

11/10/2021 CH-3: C# Object Oriented Programming Concepts

 Contents
2

1. Introduction
2. Classes & Objects
3. Constructors & Destructors
4. Functions / Methods in C#
5. Properties and Indexer in C#
6. Inheritance and Polymorphism
7. Interfaces

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 Object Oriented Programming
3

 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way to

organize and conceptualize a program as a set of
interacting objects.
 The programmer defines the types of objects that will
exist.
 The programmer creates object instances as they are
needed.
 The programmer specifies how these various object
will communicate and interact with each other.

11/10/2021
 Objected Oriented Principles
4

 OOP contains the following fundamentals principles

 Abstraction
 Allows us to consider complex ideas while ignoring irrelevant detail that
would confuse us.
 Encapsulation
 Allows us to focus on what something does without considering the
complexities of how it works.
 Inheritance
 Allows us to define general characteristics and operation of an object and
allow us to create more specialized versions of this object
 Polymorphism
 Allows us to interact with an object as its generalized category regardless
of its more specialized category.

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 Example: Abstraction
5

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6 11/10/2021
 What Exactly is OOP?
7

 Identifying an Object?
 You can also think of other non physical things as objects:-
such as a bank account
 A bank account is not something that can be physically touched
but intellectually we can consider a bank account to be an object.
 OOP is a method of programming that involves the
creation of intellectuals objects that model a business
problem we are trying to solve.
 In creating an OO program we define the properties of a
class of objects and then create individual objects from the
class
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 Benefits of OOP Approach
8

 Better abstraction
 Modeling information and behavior together
 Better maintainability
 More comprehensible, less fragile software
 Better usability
 Classes as encapsulated components that can be used
in other systems

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 What is Object?
9

 Object: A single software unit that combines

attributes and methods. It represents an entity
in the real world.
 Attribute: A "characteristic" of an object; like a
variable associated with a kind of object.
 Method: A "behavior" of an object; like a
function associated with a kind of11/10/2021
object.
10

 Example
 Dog
 Attributes:breed, color, hungry, tired, etc.
 Behaviors: eating, sleeping, etc.
 Bank Account
 Attributes:account number, owner, balance
 Behaviors: withdraw, deposit

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 What is Classes?
11

 The definitions of the attributes and methods of an

object are organized into a class.
 Thus, a class is the generic definition for a set of

similar objects (i.e. Person as a generic definition

for different persons)
 A class is an abstract description of a set of

objects.
 A class can be thought of as a template used to

create a set of objects. (A blue print to create

(instantiate) an object)
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12

 We actually write code for a class, not object

 The objects are called instances of the class.
 Every instance of the same class will have the same set of
attributes;
 Every object has the same attributes but,
 Each instance will have its own distinct values for
those attributes.
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 Bank Example
class: Account
 The "account" class describes
number:
the attributes and behaviors of
balance:
bank accounts.
deposit()
 The “account” class defines two
withdraw()
state variables (account number
and balance) and two methods
(deposit and withdraw).
Bank Example – three objects
Instance #1

number: 054
 When the program runs there
balance: $19
will be many instances of the
Instance #2
account class. number: 712

 Each instance will have its own balance: $240

account number and balance Instance #3

(object state) number: 036

balance: $941
 Methods can only be invoked .
 Instance Variable and Instance Methods
15

 A state-variables/ methods that are associated with

the one instance of a class – instance
variable/method.
 Instance variables and instance methods can be public
or private.
 It is necessary to instantiate (create an instance of) a
class to use its instance variables and instance
methods.

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 Class Variables and Class Methods
16

 In addition to instance variables and instance methods,

classes can also define class methods and class
variables.
 These are attributes and behaviors associated with the
class as a whole, not any one instance.
 Class variables and class methods can be public or private.
 It is not necessary to instantiate a class to use it’s class
variables and class methods.
 Note: Class variables and methods are declared with the
static keyword in C#.

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17

 A class variable defines an attribute of an entire

class.
 In contrast, an instance variable defines an
attribute of a single instance of a class. instance
variables

Account
class
variable
count: 3 num: 054 num: 712 num: 036
bal: $19 bal: $240 bal: $941
printCount()
Class
method 11/10/2021
 Access Modifiers
18

 All types and type members have an accessibility

level, which controls whether they can be used
from other code in your assembly or other
assemblies.
 Access modifiers(or access specifies) are keywords
that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other
members
 public access modifiers
 The type or member can be accessed by any other
code in the same assembly or another assembly that
references it. 11/10/2021
19

 private access modifiers

 The type or member can be accessed only by code in the same
class
 protected access modifiers
 The type or member can be accessed only by code in the same
class, or in a class that is derived from that class
 internal access modifiers
 The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same
assembly, but not from another assembly.
 An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler
upon successful compilation of every .NET application. It can be
either a Dynamic Link Library or an executable file
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20

 Defaults access modifiers

 The default access modifier for a class is internal
 The default access modifier for a class member is
private
 protected internal access modifiers
 The type or member can be accessed by any code in
the assembly in which it is declared, or from within a
derived class in another assembly

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 Encapsulation
21

 When classes are defined, programmers can specify

that certain methods or state variables remain
hidden inside the class.
 These variables and methods are accessible from
within the class, but not accessible outside it.
 The combination of collecting all the attributes of
an object into a single class definition, combined
with the ability to hide some definitions and type
information within the class, is known as
encapsulation.
11/10/2021
Graphical Model of an Object
Instance balance()
variables

withdraw() theBalance deposit()

acctNumber

accountNumber()
Methods

State variables make up the nucleus of the object.

Methods surround and hide (encapsulate) the state
variables from the rest of the program.
23

 OOP encapsulation is roughly analogous to only

allowing a user to access data in a database via
predefined stored procedures.
 Users can access the data, but not directly and without
having to have direct knowledge of its structure.

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 Defining a Class
24

 In object oriented programming, a class defines

certain properties, fields, events, method etc.
 A class defines the kinds of data and the functionality
their objects will have.
 A class definition starts with the keyword class
followed by the class name; and the class body
enclosed by a pair of curly braces.

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25

 Following is the general format of class definition

<access specifier> class class_name {
// member variables
<access specifier> <data type> variable1;
<access specifier> <data type> variable2; ...  
<access specifier> <return type> method1(parameter_list)
{
// method body
}
}
 Example
public class Customer {
// Fields, properties, methods
and events go here...
} 11/10/2021
26

 Note
 Access specifiers specify the access rules for the

members as well as the class itself.

 If not mentioned, then the default access specifier

for a class type is internal.

 Default access for the members is private.

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 Creating Objects
27

 Objects can be created by using the new keyword

followed by the name of the class that the object will
be based on, like this
 Customer cust1= new Customer();
 When an instance of a class is created, a reference to
the object is passed back to the programmer. 
 In the previous example, cust1 is a reference to an object
that is based on Customer
 This reference refers to the new object but does not contain the object
data itself.

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28

Class Declaration Declaring Object reference variables

class Circle Circle myCircle;

{
Creating Objects
double radius = 1.0;
double findArea(){ myCircle=new Circle();
return radius * radius *
3.14159; …in a single step

} Circle myCircle=new Circle();

}
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29

 Accessing Objects
 Referencing the object’s data
objectReference.data
mycircle.radius
 Invoking the object’s method:
objectReference.method
myCircle.findArea()

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 Defining Method
30

 A method can be defined using the following templates

{modifier} {return type} MethodName ({parameters})
{
// body
}
 Example
public void MyMethod(int parameter1, string parameter2)
{
// write your method code here..
}

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 Defining Field
31

 Field is a class level variable that can holds a

value.
 Generally field members should have a private access
modifier and used with a property.
 Member fields are the attributes of an object (from
design perspective) and they are kept private to
implement encapsulation.
 These variables can only be accessed using the

public member functions.

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 Static Members of a C# class
32

 We can define class members as static using

the static keyword.
 When we declare a member of a class as static, it means no matter how
many objects of the class are created, there is only one copy of the
static member.
 The keyword static implies that only one instance of the
member exists for a class.
 Static variables are used for defining constants because their values can
be retrieved by invoking the class without creating an instance of it.
 Static variables can be initialized outside the member
function or class definition.

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 Static Method/Function
33

 Sometimes a method performs a task that does not

depend on the contents of any object.
 Such a method applies to the class in which it’s declared as a
whole and is known as a static method.
 To declare a method as static, place the keyword static
before the return type in the method’s declaration.
 You call any static method by specifying the name of the class
in which the method is declared, followed by the member
access (.) operator and the method name, as in
ClassName.MethodName( arguments )
eg: Math.Sqrt( 900.0 )
 Such functions can access only static variables.
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 Rules for Static Class
34

 Static classes cannot be instantiated.

 All the members of a static class must be static;
otherwise the compiler will give an error.
 A static class can contain static variables, static
methods, static properties, static operators, static
events, and static constructors.
 A static class cannot contain instance members and
constructors.
 Indexers and destructors cannot be static
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35

 var cannot be used to define static members. You must

specify a type of member explicitly after
the static keyword.
 Static classes are sealed class and therefore, cannot be
inherited.
 A static class cannot inherit from other classes.
 Static class members can be accessed
using ClassName.MemberName.
 A static class remains in memory for the lifetime of the
application domain in which your program resides.
11/10/2021
 Contents
36

1. Introduction
2. Classes & Objects
3. Functions / Methods in C#
4. Constructors & Destructors
5. Properties and Indexer in C#
6. Inheritance and Polymorphism
7. Interfaces

11/10/2021
 Constructors
37

 A class constructor is a special member method of a

class that is executed whenever we create new objects
of that class.
 A constructor has exactly the same name as that of class and
it does not have any return type.
 A class can have parameterized or parameter less
constructors.
 The constructor will be called when you create an instance
of a class.
 Constructors can be defined by using an access modifier and
class name: <access modifiers> <class name>(){ }
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38

 Important points to remember about Constructors

 A constructor can not be abstract, final, and
Synchronized.
 Within a class, you can create only one static constructor.
 A static constructor cannot be a parameterized constructor.
 Constructor of a class must have the same name as the class
name in which it resides.
 A constructor doesn’t have any return type, not even void.
 A class can have any number of constructors.
 Access modifiers can be used in constructor declaration to control
its access i.e which other class can call the constructor.

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39

 Types of Constructors
 Default Constructor
 A constructor with no parameters is called a default
constructor (initializes all numeric fields to zero and all
string and object fields to null inside a class)
 Parameterized Constructor
 A constructor have at least one parameter is called a
parameterized constructor. (helps you to assign initial value to
an object at the time of its creation )
 Copy Constructor
 This constructor will creates an object by copying variables
from another object. (initialize a new instance to the values of
an existing instance) 11/10/2021
 Example
40

class Employee
Employee u1= new Employee();
{
private name, location; Employee u2 = new
//Default Constructor Employee(“Moges”,”AA”);
public Employee()
{ Employee u3 = new Employee(u1) ;
name = "Alex Len";
location = "San Francisco";
}
//Parameterized Constructor
public Employee(string a, string b)
{
name = a;
location = b;
}
public Employee(Employee s)
{
name= s.name;
location= s.location
} 11/10/2021
}
 Destructors
41

 A destructor is a special member function of a

class that is executed whenever an object of its
class goes out of scope.
 A destructor has exactly the same name as that of
the class with a prefixed tilde (~) and it can neither
return a value nor can it take any parameters.
 Destructor can be very useful for releasing
memory resources before exiting the program.
 Destructors cannot be inherited or overloaded.

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42

 Important Points:
 A Destructor is unique to its class i.e. there cannot be more than
one destructor in a class.
 A Destructor has no return type and has exactly the same name
as the class name (Including the same case).
 It is distinguished apart from a constructor because of the Tilde symbol
(~) prefixed to its name.
 A Destructor does not accept any parameters and modifiers.
 It cannot be defined in Structures. It is only used with classes.
 It cannot be overloaded or inherited.
 It is called when the program exits.
 The destructor will invoke automatically, whenever an instance
of class is no longer needed.
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 Exercise 1:
43

 Create a class "House", with an attribute “length”,

“width”, "area", a constructor that sets there values
and a method "ShowData" to display "I am a house,
my area is xxx m2 (instead of xxx, it will show the
real surface).
 Write a second class to test your House class:
TestClass.
 The second class should allow the user to input length
and width of the house.
 Display the area of the house using ShowData method.
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 Exercise 2:
44

 Write a C# Sharp program that accept two integers and return

true if either one is 5 or their sum or difference is 5. 
 Class name: Program2, TestProgram2(Main method)
 Attributes: number1 and number2
 Method: checkIf5
 Sample Output:
Enter the first number: 5
Enter the second number: 3
True

Enter the first number: 3

Enter the second number: 4
False

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 Exercise 3:
45

 Write a C# Sharp program to check if it is possible to add two

integers to get the third integer from three given integers
 Class name: Program3, TestProgram3(Main method)
 Attributes: number1 , number2 and number3
 Method: checkIfPossible
 Sample Output:
Enter the first number: 5
Enter the second number: 3
Enter the third number: 2
True

Enter the first number: 3

Enter the second number: 4
Enter the third number: 5
False
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 Exercise 4:
46

 Write a C# Sharp program to check if two or more non-negative given

integers have the same rightmost digit. 
 Class name: Program4 , TestProgram4(Main method)
 Attributes: number1 , number2 and number3
 Method: checkRigtmostDigit
 Sample Output:
Enter the first number: 50
Enter the second number: 30
Enter the third number: 20
True

Enter the first number: 31

Enter the second number: 43
Enter the third number: 52
False

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 Exercise 5:
47

 Write a C# Sharp program to calculate the area of the

rectangle.
 Class name: Program5 , TestProgram5(Main method)
 Attributes: length, width
 Method: caculateArea, getLength, getWidth, setLength,
setWidth
 Sample Output:
Enter the length of the rectangle: 6
Enter the width of the rectangle: 7
******************************
The length of the rectangle is: 6
The width of the rectangle is: 7
The area of the rectangle is: 42 11/10/2021
 Exercise 6:
48

 Write a C# Sharp program to check which number

nearest to the value 100 among two given integers.
Return 0 if the two numbers are equal.   
 Class name: Program6 , TestProgram6(Main method)
 Attributes: number1, number2
 Method: checkNearest
 Sample Output:
Enter the first number: 89
Enter the second number: 92
92

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 Contents
49

1. Introduction
2. Classes & Objects
3. Functions / Methods in C#
4. Constructors & Destructors
5. Properties in C#
6. Indexer in C#
7. Inheritance and Polymorphism
8. Interfaces

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 Properties in C#
50

 Properties are also known as the smart fields in C#

 They are the extensions of the C# data fields
 In a class we declare the data fields as private and
will provide the public SET/GET methods to
access the data fields
 The access modifier can be private, public,
protected or internal
 The return type can be any valid C# data type

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 Properties : get and set Accessors
51

 Properties contain
 getters (get{}) to retrieve the value of the underlying field and
 setters (set{}) to set the value of the underlying field
 Syntax of Properties
<acces_modifier> <return_type> <property_name>
{
       get
       { }
       set
       { }
} 11/10/2021
52

 Example
private int length;
       public int Length
       {
            get
            {
                return length;
            }
            set
            {
                length = value;
            }
        }
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53

 By convention, we name each property with the

capitalized name of the instance variable that it
manipulates.
 e.g., Length is the property that represents instance variable
length - C# is case sensitive, so these are distinct identifiers.
 A private field which cannot be accessed directly. It
will only be accessed via a Property.
 Calling a getter or a setter in C#
 objectOfTheClass.propertyName
 Getters and setters let you treat the values like public
properties.
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54

 We can also apply some additional logic in get and set, as in the
below example.
public int Length
{
get { return length/2; }
set {
if (value > 0)
length = value;
else
length = 0;
}
} 11/10/2021
55

 Auto-implemented Property
 property declaration has been made easy if
you don't want to apply some logic in get or
set.
 The following is an example of an auto-
implemented property:
 public int Length{ get; set; }

11/10/2021
 Exercise 7:
56

 Create a Month class that has a single data member of (private)

month number.
 Create a public properties for month number variable.
 Include a member method that returns the name of the month and
another method that returns the number of days in the month.
 The DisplayDetail( ) method should return the name and number of
days.
 Write a second class to test your Month class (TestMonth).
 The second class should allow the user to input a month number.
 Display the name of the month associated with the number entered and
the number of days in that month. For this exercise, use 28 for February.
If the user inputs an invalid entry, display an appropriate message.

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 Exercises 8:
57

1. Define a class Student, which contains the

following information about students: full name,
course, subject, university, e-mail and phone number.
2. Declare several constructors for the class Student,
which have different lists of parameters (for
complete information about a student or part of it).
3. Modify the current source code of Student class so
as to encapsulate the data in the class using C#
properties.

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58

4. Add a static field for the class Student, which

holds the number of created objects of this class.
5. Add a method in the class Student, which
displays complete information about the
student.
6. Write a class StudentTest, which demonstrates
the functionality of the class Student.

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 Contents
59

1. Introduction
2. Classes & Objects
3. Functions / Methods in C#
4. Constructors & Destructors
5. Properties in C#
6. Indexer in C#
7. Inheritance and Polymorphism
8. Interfaces

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 Indexers in C#
60

 An indexer allows an instance of a class to be indexed

as an array.
 If the user will define an indexer for a class, then the class
will behave like a virtual array.
 Array access operator i.e ([ ]) is used to access the instance of
the class which uses an indexer.
 A user can retrieve or set the indexed value without pointing
an instance or a type member.
 Indexers are almost similar to the Properties. 
 The main difference between Indexers and Properties is that
the accessors of the Indexers will take parameters.
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61

 Syntax
[access_modifier] [return_type] this [argument_list]
{
get
{
// get block code
}
set
{
// set block code
}
}
11/10/2021
62

 Important Points About Indexers:

 There are two types of Indexers i.e. One Dimensional Indexer & Multi-
Dimensional Indexer
 Indexers can be overloaded.
 Indexers are also known as the Smart Arrays or Parameterized
Property in C#.
 This enables the object to be indexed in a similar way to arrays.
 A set accessor will always assign the value while the get accessor will return the
value.
 “this” keyword is always used to declare an indexer.
 To define the value being assigned by the set indexer, ”value” keyword is used.
 Indexer can’t be a static member as it is an instance member of the class.

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 Example
63

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64

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 Inheritance
65

 Inheritance allows a software developer to derive a

new class from an existing one.
 The existing class is called the parent, super, or base
class.
 The derived class is called a child or subclass.
 The child inherits characteristics of the parent.
 The child has special rights to the parents methods and
data.
 Public access like any one else
 Protected access available only to child classes (and their
descendants).
 The child has its own unique behaviors and data.
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66

 The advantage of making a new class a subclass is

that it will inherit attributes and methods of its
parent class (also called the super-class).
 Subclasses extend existing classes in three ways:
 By defining new (additional) attributes and methods.
 By overriding (changing the behavior) existing
attributes and methods.
 By hiding existing attributes and methods.

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 Example: extending existing classes
67

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68 11/10/2021
69

 Subclasses
 When a new class is developed a programmer can
define it to be a subclass of an existing class.
 Subclasses are used to define special cases,
extensions, or other variations from the originally
defined class.
 Examples:
 SavingsAccount and CheckingAccount can be derived
from the Account class (see the next slide).

11/10/2021
Examples: Base Classes and Derived Classes

Base class Derived classes

Student GraduateStudent
UndergraduateStudent
Shape Circle
Triangle
Rectangle
Loan CarLoan
HomeImprovementLoan
MortgageLoan
Employee FacultyMember
StaffMember
Account CheckingAccount
SavingsAccount
71

 Inheritance should create an is-a relationship, meaning

the child is a more specific version of the parent.
 The ability to use inheritance makes programs easier to
write, less error-prone, and easier to understand
 Terminology
 Super (Base) class: a class that is used as a basis for
inheritance
 Subclass (derived/extended): a class that inherits from a
base class.
 Inheritance is transitive; that means a child
inherits all the members of all its11/10/2021
ancestors
72

 Extending Classes
 When you create a class that is an extension or child of another
class, you use a single colon (:) between the derived class name
and its base class name
 Inheritance works in one direction
 The keyword protected provides you with an intermediate
level of security
 A protected data field or method can be used within its own class or in
any classes extended from that class, but it cannot be used by “outside”
classes
 C# and Java support single inheritance, meaning that a
derived class can have only one parent class.
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73

 Declaring a derived class

 Define a new class DerivedClass which extends
BaseClass
class BaseClass
{
// class contents
}
class DerivedClass :
BaseClass
{
// class contents
}
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 Example: Inheritance
74

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75

Output

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 Overriding Methods
76

 A child class can override the definition of an

inherited method in favor of its own
 That is, a child can redefine a method that it inherits
from its parent
 The new method must have the same signature as
the parent's method, but can have a different
implementation.
 The type of the object executing the method
determines which version of the method is invoked.

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77

 Derived classes can also override inherited members

by providing an alternate implementation.
 In order to be able to override a member, the member
in the base class must be marked with the virtual
keyword.
 By default, base class members are not marked
as virtual and cannot be overridden.
 Using the same method name to indicate different
implementations is called polymorphism.

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78

 Method Overriding (virtual and override keyword)

 In C#, for overriding the base class method in derived class, you have to
declare base class method as virtual and derived class method
as override as shown below:
class A
{
public virtual void Test()
{
Console.WriteLine("A::Test()");
}
}
class B : A
{
public override void Test()
{
Console.WriteLine("B::Test()");
}
} 11/10/2021
79

 Note
1. The virtual keyword is used to modify a method,
property, indexer, or event declared in the base class
and allow it to be overridden in the derived class.
2. The override keyword is used to extend or modify a
virtual/abstract method, property, indexer, or event
of base class into derived class.
3. The new keyword is used to hide a method, property,
indexer, or event of base class into derived class

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80

 References and inheritance

 An object reference can refer to an object of its class, or
to an object of any class derived from it by inheritance.
Holiday day;
 Dynamic Binding day = new Holiday();
…
day = new Christmas();
 A polymorphic reference is one which can refer to
different types of objects at different times. It morphs!
 The type of the actual instance, not the declared type,
determines which method is invoked.
 Polymorphic references are therefore resolved at run-
time, not during compilation.
 This is called dynamic binding.

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 /* superclass Person */ /* subclass Student extending the Person class */
class Person class Student : Person
{ {
public override void method1()
public virtual void method1()
{
{
Console.WriteLine("Student class method 1");
Console.WriteLine("Person class method 1");
}
} public new void method2()
public void method2() {
{ Console.WriteLine(“Student class method 2");
Console.WriteLine("Person class method 2"); }
}
} }

class Program
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
Person s1 = new Person();
s1.method1();
s1.method2();

Student s2 = new Student();

s2.method1();
s2.method2();

Person s3 = new Student();

s3.method1();
81 s3.method2(); } 11/10/2021
}
82

 How do access Super class constructor and Methods

from a Subclass?
 The base keyword is used to access members of the base class
from within a derived class:
 Call a method on the base class that has been overridden by another
method.
 Specify which base-class constructor should be called when creating
instances of the derived class.
 A base class access is permitted only in a constructor, an instance
method, or an instance property accessor.
 It is an error to use the base keyword from within a
static method.
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83 11/10/2021
 /* superclass Person */ /* subclass Student extending the Person class */
class Person class Student : Person
{
{
public Person()
public Student()
{
Console.WriteLine("Person class Constructor 1"); {
} Console.WriteLine("Student class Constructor
public Person(int i) 1");
{ }
Console.WriteLine("Person class Constructor 2"); public Student(int i): base(i,7)
} {
public Person(int i,int k) Console.WriteLine("Student class Constructor
{ 2");
Console.WriteLine("Person class Constructor 3");
}
}
}
}

class Program
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
Student s1= new Student(); Student s2= new Student(7); Student s3 = new Student(4,5);
Console.ReadKey();
}
84 } 11/10/2021
 Exercise-9
85

 Define a class Human with properties "first name"

and "last name". Define the class Student
inheriting Human, which has the property "mark".
Define the class Worker inheriting Human with
the property "wage" and "hours worked".
Implement a "calculate hourly wage" method,
which calculates a worker’s hourly pay rate based
on wage and hours worked. Write the
corresponding constructors and encapsulate all data
in properties.
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86 11/10/2021
 Polymorphism
87

 This is the ability of an object to perform in a wide

variety of ways. There are two types:
 Static polymorphism (compile time). You can achieve
static polymorphism through function overloading
and operator overloading.
 Dynamic polymorphism (runtime time). You can
obtain this type through executing function
overriding.

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 Static Polymorphism
88

 The mechanism of linking a function with an object

during compile time is called early binding.
 It is also called static binding.
 C# provides two techniques to implement static
polymorphism. They are −
 Function/Method overloading
 Operator overloading

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 Method Overloading
89

 It is the ability to redefine a function/method in

more than one form.
 A user can implement method overloading by defining
two or more methods in a class sharing the same name.
 C# can distinguish the methods with different
method signatures.
 i.e. the methods can have the same name but with
different parameters list (i.e. the number of the
parameters, order of the parameters, and data types of
the parameters) within the same class.
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90

 Overloaded methods are differentiated based on the

number and type of the parameters passed as
arguments to the methods.
 You can not define more than one method with the same
name, Order and the type of the arguments. (It would be
compiler error.)
 The compiler does not consider the return type
while differentiating  the overloaded method.
 But you cannot declare two methods with the same
signature and different return type.
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91

 Different ways of doing overloading methods-

Method overloading can be done by changing:
1. The number of parameters in two methods.
2. The data types of the parameters of methods.
3. The order of the parameters of methods
 Why do we need Method Overloading ?
 If we need to do the same kind of the operation in

different ways i.e. for different inputs.

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 using System;
namespace PolymorphismApplication
Output
{
class Printdata {
void print(int i) { Printing int: 5
Console.WriteLine("Printing int: “ + i ); Printing float: 500.263
}
Printing string:Hello C++
void print(double f) {
Console.WriteLine("Printing float: " + f);
}
void print(string s) {
Console.WriteLine("Printing string: “ + s);
}
static void Main(string[] args) {
Printdata p = new Printdata();
p.print(5);
p.print(500.263);
p.print("Hello C++");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
92 11/10/2021
 Operator Overloading
93

 We can redefine or overload most of the built-in

operators available in C#.
 Thus a programmer can use operators with user-defined
types as well.
 Overloaded operators are functions with special names
the keyword operator followed by the symbol for the
operator being defined.
 Similar to any other function, an overloaded operator has a
return type and a parameter list.
 One of the parameters of the given operator must be the
containing type
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94

 Syntax
access_specifier return_type operator Operator_symbol (parameters)
{ // Code }
 Example
public static Box operator+ (Box b, Box c) {
Box box = new Box();
box.length = b.length + c.length;
box.breadth = b.breadth + c.breadth;
box.height = b.height + c.height;
return box;
}
 The above function implements the addition operator (+) for a user-defined
class Box. It adds the attributes of two Box objects and returns the resultant
Box object.

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95

 Overloadable and Non-Overloadable Operators

 The following table describes the overload ability of the
operators in C# :
No Operators & Description
.
1 +, -, !, ~, ++, -- : These unary operators take one operand and can be
overloaded.
2 +, -, *, /, % : These binary operators take one operand and can be
overloaded.
3 ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= : The comparison operators can be overloaded.
4 &&, || : The conditional logical operators cannot be overloaded directly.
5 +=, -=, *=, /=, %= : The assignment operators cannot be overloaded.
6 =, ., ?:, ->, new, is, sizeof, typeof: These operators cannot be overloaded.
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 Dynamic Polymorphism
96

 Dynamic polymorphism is implemented

by abstract classes and virtual methods.
 C# allows you to create abstract classes that are
used to provide partial class implementation of an
interface.
 Implementation is completed when a derived class
inherits from it. 

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 Abstract Classes
97

 An abstract class is one from which you cannot

create any concrete objects, but from which you can
inherit
 An abstract method has no method statements;
 Any class derived from a class containing an abstract
method must override the abstract method by
providing a body for it
 When you create an abstract method, you provide the keyword
abstract and the intended method type, name, and argument
 When you create a subclass that inherits an abstract method from a
parent, you must use the override keyword

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98

 The abstract modifier indicates that the thing being

modified has a missing or incomplete implementation.
 The abstract modifier can be used with classes, methods,
properties, indexers, and events.
 Use the abstract modifier in a class declaration to
indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class
of other classes.
 Members marked as abstract, or included in an abstract
class, must be implemented by classes that derive from the
abstract class.

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99

 Abstract classes have the following features:

 An abstract class cannot be instantiated.
 An abstract class may contain abstract methods and
accessors.
 It is not possible to modify an abstract class with
the sealed modifier because the two modifiers have
opposite meanings.
 The sealed modifierprevents a class from being inherited
and the abstract modifier requires a class to be inherited.
 A non-abstract class derived from an abstract class
must include actual implementations of all inherited
abstract methods and accessors.
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100

 An abstract method is implicitly a virtual method.

 Abstract method declarations are only permitted in
abstract classes.
 Because an abstract method declaration provides no
actual implementation, there is no method body; the
method declaration simply ends with a semicolon
and there are no curly braces ({ }) following the
signature.

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 using System;
namespace PolymorphismApplication { Output
abstract class Shape {
public abstract int area();
Rectangle class area :
}
Area: 70
class Rectangle: Shape {
private int length;
private int width;
public Rectangle( int a = 0, int b = 0) {
length = a;
width = b;
}
public override int area () {
Console.WriteLine("Rectangle class area :");
return (width * length);
}
}
class RectangleTester {
static void Main(string[] args) {
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(10, 7);
double a = r.area();
Console.WriteLine("Area: “+a);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
101 11/10/2021
 Interface
102

 An interface is a purely logical construct that describes

functionality without specifying implementation
 An interface in C# contains only the declaration of the
methods, properties, and events, but not the
implementation
 An interface generally defines set of methods that will
be implemented by the class
 But interface doesn’t implement any method itself
 It is left to the class that implements the interface by
providing implementation for all the members of the
interface.
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103

 Declaring Interface
 You define an interface by using the interface keyword
 It is similar to class declaration.
 Interface statements are public by default.
 Following is an example of an interface declaration
interface Iaddition
{
int add(int x, int y);
}

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104

 Any class implementing Compute will be able to

implement both these methods. INTERFACES
CAN EXTEND ONLY INTERFACES, THEY
CAN’T EXTEND CLASSES.
 Implementing Interfaces
 An Interface can be implemented as follows:

class classname :
Interfacename {
body of classname
}

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105

 A class can derive from a single class and

implement as many interfaces required:
class classname: superclass,
interface1,interface 2,…
{
body of class name
}
 Just as a class can implement multiple interfaces,
one single interface can be implemented by multiple
classes.
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106

 Limitations of interface
 Interfaces cannot have data members.
 They cannot define constructors, destructors .
 No member can be declared static.
 Difference and similarities between interface and abstract
class
 Similarities
 Neither can be instantiated
 Neither can be sealed
 Differences
 Interfaces cannot contain any implementation
 Interfaces cannot declare non-public members
 Interfaces cannot extend non-interfaces 11/10/2021
 Exercise-10
107

 Define an abstract class Shape with abstract method

CalculateSurface() and fields width and height.
 Define two additional classes for a triangle and a rectangle,
which implement CalculateSurface(). This method has to return
the areas of the rectangle (height*width) and the triangle
(height*width/2).
 Define a class for a circle with an appropriate constructor, which
initializes the two fields (height and width) with the same value
(the radius) and implement the abstract method for calculating the
area.
 Create three different shapes (rectangle, triangle, circle) and
calculate the area of each shape.
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108

Questions?
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109

Thank You
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