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51 views

Education, Inc. Publishing As Prentice Hall

Uploaded by

Cool Mom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson

Education, Inc. publishing3-1


as
Prentice Hall
Copyright © 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. publishing3-2
as
Prentice Hall
Robbins, Judge, and Vohra
Organizational Behavior
15th Edition

Perception
Perception and
and Individual
Individual
Decision
Decision Making
Making
Kelli J. Schutte
William Jewell College
Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational
Behavior, 15e 6-3
Chapter
Chapter Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives
 After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
– Define perception and explain the factors that influence it.
– Explain attribute theory and list the three determinants of
attribution.
– Identify the shortcuts individuals use in making judgments about
others.
– Explain the link between perception and decision making.
– Apply the rational model of decision making and contrast it with
bounded rationality and intuition.
– List and explain the common decision biases or errors.
– Explain how individual differences and organizational constraints
affect decision making.
– Contrast the three ethical decision criteria.
– Define creativity and discuss the three-component model of
creativity.

6-4
5-5
 HOW MANY “F’s” IN THE PASSAGE BELOW????

 FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS


OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...

6-6
5-7
????????
????????
 Out on the street, you see two people getting into a driving school
car, complete with L plates (Learner driver signs) etc.

 The older person, say about 40, gets into the driving seat, and a
younger person, say about 18, gets into the passenger seat.

 The car is driven smoothly and confidently without any undue


hesitancy.

 A few moments later the car is driven back down the street with the
two occupants having exchanged seats. Now, the car is being driven
at a slower speed, in a more cautious manner.
 What is your perception about first Driver …………..and 2nd
Driver?
 Why??? 6-8
What
What IsIs Perception?
Perception?
What is perception?????????????

People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality


is, not on reality itself.

6-9
Perceptions
Perceptions in
in organizations
organizations

 Why perceptions matter in organizations???????

6-10
Factors
Factors That
That Influence
Influence Perception
Perception

E X H I B I T 6-1
E X H I B I T 6-1

6-11
Attribution
Attribution Theory
Theory (Heider)
(Heider)
 Attribution theory is concerned with how ordinary people explain the
causes of behavior and events. The theory predicts how individuals judge
people differently depending on what meaning we attribute to a given
behavior.

 Attribution theory is defined as the way that individuals envision the


success or failure of their own behavior or the behavior of others
(Weiner, 2004). We tend to attribute success to our personal
characteristics and failure to external factors.

6-12
Types
Types of
of attribution
attribution

6-13
Errors
Errors and
and Biases
Biases in
in Attributions
Attributions

 Fundamental Attribution Error


– The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and
overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments
about the behavior of others
– We blame people first, not the situation….. Can it have a negative
effect on performance evaluation???

 Selective Perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests,
background, experience, and attitudes and ignore the contradictory
information. Can it have a negative effect on selection decisions???
6-14
Frequently
Frequently Used
Used Shortcuts
Shortcuts in
in Judging
Judging Others
Others
 Halo Effect/pitchfork effect
– Drawing a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single
characteristic.

– Stereotyping
– When we judge someone on the basis of our
perception of the group to which he or she
belongs, we are stereotyping.

– Non Verbal Biases


– Occurs when a positive or negative evaluation is
made of someone based on their body language,
personal appearance or style of dress
6-15
Specific
SpecificShortcut
ShortcutApplications
Applicationsin
inOrganizations
Organizations

 Employment Interview
– What biases could impact the interview decisions?????

 Performance Evaluations
What biases could impact the interview decisions?????

Promotion Decisions????

6-16
Common
CommonBiases
Biasesand
andErrors
Errorsin
inDecision
DecisionMaking
Making

 Confirmation Bias
– Selecting and using only facts that support our decision
 Availability Bias
– Emphasizing information that is most readily at hand
• Recent
• Vivid
 Escalation of Commitment
– Increasing commitment to a decision in spite of evidence
that it is wrong – especially if responsible for the decision!

6-17
Ethics
Ethics in
in Decision
Decision Making
Making

 How to make ethical decisions???

 1-

 2-

 3-

6-18
Ethical
Ethical Decision-Making
Decision-Making Criteria
Criteria Assessed
Assessed
 Utilitarianism
 The greatest good for the greatest number.

 Rights
– Make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and
privileges
 Justice
 Impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially to ensure
justice or an equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

6-19

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