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Final Lesson 9 Basic Concepts of Apportionment and Voting

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17 views

Final Lesson 9 Basic Concepts of Apportionment and Voting

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Kerby Christian Araneta Ondoy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Apportionment

and Voting
Adapted from Prof. Memije-
Cruz, Liwayway (2019)
Special Lecturer at College of
Arts and Sciences, Baliuag
University
Apportionment and Voting

• The concept of apportionment or fair division plays a vital role


in the operation of corporations, politics, and educational
institutions. For example, colleges and universities deal with
large issues of apportionment such as the allocation of funds.
• The right to vote is one of the most precious rights in our
democracy.
Apportionment and Voting

Objectives:
• Discuss the history of apportionment and the fairness of these
apportionments.
• Describe the several voting methods, the “fairness” of these
methods, how votes are apportioned or divided among
voters.
• Appreciate the apportionment and voting concepts.
Apportionment

 a method of dividing a whole into various


parts.
 This mathematical analysis has its roots in the
US Constitution specifically in 1790 when the
House of Representatives attempted to
apportion themselves.
 The first method adopted in 1790 was the
Jefferson Plan suggested by Thomas
Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson and Jefferson Plan

 first secretary of state, vice


president, leader of the
first political opposition
party, and third president
of the United States
 Jefferson played a major
role in the planning, design,
and construction of a
national capitol and the
federal district.
Alexander Hamilton

 The apportionment method


suggested by Alexander
Hamilton was approved by
Congress in 1791, but was
subsequently vetoed by
president Washington - in
the very first exercise of the
veto power by President of
the United States.
Hamilton's method was
adopted by the US Congress
in 1852 and was in use
through 1911 when it was
replaced by Webster's
method.
Hamilton’s Method of Apportionment

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/hamiltons-method-
of-apportionment-in-politics.html
Hamilton Plan
The given total number of seats is to be apportioned between
several states proportionally to their populations. To accomplish
that task according to Hamilton,
 Compute the divisor D = (Total population)/(Number of seats)
 Find and round down state quotas {(State
population)/D}. The leftover fractional parts add up to a
whole number of seats.
 Distribute the surplus seats, one per state, starting with
the largest leftover fractional part, then proceeding to the
next largest, and so on, until all the surplus seats have been
dealt with.
Consider a fictitious country called Kolob with a population
of 33,000 and having twelve states. The population of each
state is given below:
Hamilton Plan
To determine the number of representatives of each state
under the Hamilton method, we first divide the total
population (33,000) by the number of representatives (70).
This number is called the standard divisor.
Hamilton Plan
Table 6.2
 From the results in the table,
the standard sub-quotas
totalled to 65, five
representatives short as
required by the Kolob’s
Constitution. When this
happens the Hamiltonian
Plan remediates by assigning
one representative to the
state with the largest
decimal remainder. This is
repeated until the required
number of representative is
attained
Jefferson’s Method of Apportionment

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/jeffersons-method-
of-apportionment-in-politics.html
The Jefferson Plan
Table 6.4:
When the
modified
standard
divisor
(MSD) is
equal to
450
Table 6.5 :
When the
modified
standard
divisor
(MSD) is
equal to
400.
Adam’s Method of Apportionment

 Back in the 1830s, John Quincy Adams had an issue with the
method of apportionment used in the House of
Representatives. Apportionment means the method used to
assign voting seats on a governing board to entities with
voting rights.
 He felt that the method of apportioning votes at that time
was biased and favored large states. So, he proposed his
own method, the Adams Method of Apportionment, which
proposed that a modified divisor should be selected such
that when the sum of the Upper Quotas is tallied, it equals
the exact number of seats to be apportioned.
John Quincy Adams

 https://study.com/academy
/lesson/adams-method-of-
apportionment-in-
politics.html
Adam’s Method of Apportionment
Adam’s Method of Apportionment
Apportionment: Webster’s Method

• proposed by Daniel Webster in


the 1830s.
• Webster's Method proposed that a
divisor should be chosen such that
the sum of the rounded quotas is
equal to the number of seats to be
apportioned.

 https://www.youtube.c
om/ watch? Daniel Webster
v=ZNybGTvz_hQ
Webster Method of Apportionment
Table 6.8
Huntington-Hill Method of
Apportionment

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/huntington-hill-
method-of-apportionment-in-politics.html
Huntington-Hill Method of
Apportionment

 In the early 1900s, Congress began using its current


method of apportionment, the Huntington-Hill
Method of Apportionment. In this method, geometric
means are used to round modified state quotas until
the sum of the modified quotas equals the exact
number of seats to be apportioned in the House of
Representatives.
Huntington-Hill Apportionment Method
Huntington-Hill Apportionment Method
Votin
g
References:

 Aufmann et al, Mathematical Excursions (2013)


 Baltazar, Ethel Cecille M. Mathematics in the Modern
World. C & E Publishing Inc. 2018
 https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-thomas-
jefferson-opposed-hamiltons-financial-81407
 http://forquignon.com/history/government/constitutional_co

nvention/hamilton.html
 http://consource.org/document/the-hamilton-plan-1787/
 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefffed.html
Videos

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/hamiltons-method-

of-apportionment-in-politics.html
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/jeffersons-method-

of-apportionment-in-politics.html
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/adams-method-of-

apportionment-in-politics.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNybGTvz_hQ
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/huntington-hill-
method-of-apportionment-in-politics.html

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