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Lesson 8 - Parts and Function (CPU)

The CPU, or central processing unit, is the component of a computer system that executes instructions from programs. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for calculations, a control unit that directs operations, and registers for temporary storage. The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and stores results through a multi-step machine cycle. It communicates with other components via buses and can be installed in computers using either LGA or PGA sockets, with a heatsink needed to dissipate heat.

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Gerry Jr. Gohil
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49 views

Lesson 8 - Parts and Function (CPU)

The CPU, or central processing unit, is the component of a computer system that executes instructions from programs. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for calculations, a control unit that directs operations, and registers for temporary storage. The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and stores results through a multi-step machine cycle. It communicates with other components via buses and can be installed in computers using either LGA or PGA sockets, with a heatsink needed to dissipate heat.

Uploaded by

Gerry Jr. Gohil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CPU

What is CPU?

 CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.


 The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor.
 Is the part of a computer system that is commonly referred to as the "brains" of a
computer where most calculations take place. 
 A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer
that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CPU
Components of the CPU

 CONTROL UNIT(CU)
 ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT (ALU)
 REGISTERS
 Program Counter (PC)
 Memory Address Register (MAR)
  Memory Data Register (MDR) 
 Current Instruction Register (CIR) 
 Accumulator (ACC)
CONTROL UNIT(CU)

 The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central


processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor.
It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input
and output devices on how to respond to a program's instructions.
ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL
UNIT(ALU)
 The part of a computer that performs all arithmetic computations, such as addition
and multiplication, and all comparison operations.

 It performs two types of operations

1. Arithmetic Operations.

2. Logical Operations.  
Logical Operations

 Logical AND
 Logical OR
 Logical NOT
 Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit) 12
Operation : Symbol

Addition : +

Subtraction : -
Multiplication : *
Division : /
REGISTER

 Program Counter (PC) - Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed.
 Memory Address Register (MAR) - Contains the address of the memory location currently in
use.
 Memory Data Register (MDR) - Contains instructions/data to be executed.
 Current Instruction Register (CIR) - Holds the instruction whilst it is decoded.
 Accumulator (ACC) - Stored the results of calculations processed by the CPU (ALU).
BUSES

Buses are a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to
another. These typically include:
 Data Bus - The path along which data is transmitted, usually between the CPU and memory.
This is a half-duplex pathway; data can travel in either direction but only one at a time.
 Address Bus - When data is saved to/loaded from memory, the address of the memory location
to which it must be stored/loaded from must also be sent. The address always travels along the
address bus. This is a simplex pathway; the CPU only ever sends the memory address, it never
receives one from the memory.
 Control Bus - The Control Unit sends and receives signals from all parts of the computer,
ensuring all the processes occur at the correct time, in the correct order. These signals travel
along the control bus.
CPU MACHINE CYCLE

1. Fetch – Get an instruction from Main Memory.


2. Decode – Translate it into a computer
commands.
3. Execute – Actually process the command.
4. Store – Write the result to Main Memory.
For example, to add the numbers 5 and 6 and show the answer on the
screen requires the following steps:

1. Fetch instruction: "Get number at address


123456" 
2. Decode instruction.
3. Execute: ALU finds the number. (which
happens to be 5)

4. Store: The number 5 is stored in a


register.

5 - 8  Repeat steps for another number (= 6)


9. Fetch instruction: "Add those two numbers"
10. Decode instruction.
11. Execute: ALU adds the numbers.
12. Store: The answer is stored in a
temporary spot.
13. Fetch instruction: "Display answer on screen."
14. Decode instruction.
15. Execute: Display answer on screen.
Two(2) types of CPU Socket:
 LGA - Land Grid Array (LGA). This socket has no holes, but
instead pins are located from the CPU socket that makes contact
with points on the underside of the CPU.
Two(2) types of CPU Socket:
 PGA - Short for pin grid array, a processor sockets that use a pin
grid array (PGA) where pins on the underside of the processor
connect to holes in the processor socket.
Heatsink

Active Heat Sink Passive Heat Sink

A heat sink is an electronic device that incorporates either a fan or a peltier device
to keep a hot component such as a processor cool. There are two heat sink types:
active and passive. Active heat sinks utilize power and are usually a fan type or
some other peltier cooling device.

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