VITAMINS AND

MINERALS
Presenters: Angelica Gallaza and
Rey Ian John Gayomali
 OBJECTIVE
•Introduction
S
•Characteristics of Vitamins
•Functions
•Classification of Vitamins
•Structure
•Individual Characteristics
•Individual Dietry Sources
•Individual Function
•Classification of Minerals
•Individual Functions and Sources of Minerals
•Diseases
•Tips to prevent deficiency diseases
 INTRODUCTION
•The word “vitamin” comes from the Latin word “vita”, means “life”.
•Vitamins are organic components in food that are needed in very small
T
amounts for growth and for maintaining good health.
•Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy.
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•Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different

foods.
 CHARACTERISTICS
• Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they
cannot be synthesized by the body.
•Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess
T is excreted with urine.
•Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose
tissue and the liver.
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•Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.

•Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential
nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
 FUNCTIONS
• Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the body in the following
aspects:

T (a) They build up the resistance of the body against diseases.

(b) Prevent and cure various diseases caused by deficiency.
(c) Help the digestion and utilization of mineral salts and
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Carbohydrates in the body.

(d) Stimulate and give strength to digestive and nervous system.
(e) Helps the health protection.
(f) Helps the maintenance of proper health and normal growth.
T
DIAGRAM
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 CLASSIFICATION

T
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 CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS

T Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in

fat. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored within our
fat. This means they can accumulate and be saved
fro later use.
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The fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E and K.

 CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in
water. These vitamins can move through our body
T easily.

Water-Soluble vitamins include the B-complex

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vitamins and vitamin C.

There are eight B vitamins, including vitamin B1,

B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATER AND FAT
SOLUBLE VITAMINS
•Water soluble vitamins need to be replenished on a daily basis through
T the food we eat.
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•Fat soluble vitamins have sating power because they can be packed
into the liver and in fat cells.
 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF
VITAMINS

Vitamin A Vitamin E
Vitamin D
RETINOL ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL
CHOLECALCIFEROL
 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF
VITAMINS

Vitamin K
Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2
MENADIONE
THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN
 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF
VITAMINS

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5
PYRIDOXINE PHOSPHATE
NICOTINIC ACID PANTOTHENIC ACID
 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF
VITAMINS

Vitamin B7
Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12
BIOTIN
FOLIC ACID COBALAMIN
THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF
VITAMINS

Vitamin C

ASCORBIC ACID
 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A,D,E,K)

VITAMIN A
•Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds,
that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several pro-vitamin A
carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important. Its
active form is present only in Animal Tissue.

•It comes from beta-carotene in plants. When we eat beta-carotene, an

enzyme in the stomach turns into Vitamin A.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A
•Vision

T •Gene transcription
•Immune function
•Embryonic development and reproduction
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•Bone metabolism
•Skin and cellular health
•Antioxidant activity
 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A,D,E,K)

VITAMIN D
•Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids (a type of
steroid with a “broken” ring) found in liver and fish oils, or obtained
by irradiating pro-vitamin D with ultra violet light and are responsible
for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium,
phosphate and zinc. It is also called SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D
•Calcium Balance

T •Cell Differentiation
•Immunity
•Blood Pressure Regulation
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•Development of Bones and Teeth

 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A,D,E,K)

VITAMIN E
•Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that include both
tocopherols and tocotrienols. They are naturally occuring anti-oxidant.
•It is also called anti-aging factor
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN E
•Antioxidant
•Free radical scavenger
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•Protects cell membranes
•Protects LDL from oxidation
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•Prevention of rancidity
•Works in conjunction with selenium
 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A,D,E,K)

VITAMIN K
•Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble
vitamins the human body needs for complete synthesis of certain
proteins that are required for blood coagulation, and also certain
proteins that the body uses to manipulate binding of calcium in bone
and other tissues.
•Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN K
•It helps blood clotting, essential
T to stop bleeding from wounds.
•It acts as co-factor in oxidative
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phosphorylation associated with

lipid
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)
•It is colorless basic organic basic compound composed of a sulfated
pyramiding ring.
•It is also called anti Beri-Beri factor, Anti Neutric factor, and also
Aneurin.
•All living organisms use thiamine, but it is synthesized only in
bacteria, fungi, and plants.
•Contains sulfur and nitrogen group
•Destroyed by alkaline and heat
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B1
(THIAMINE)
•Vitamin B1, is very essential for converting carbohydrate into energy.
T •Vitamin B1, helps min maintaining the healthy nervous system.
•Vitamin B1, is necessary for healthy mucus membranes.
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•It helps in the digestion of food.

•It provides strength to muscles.
•It is very useful for the proper functioning of heart.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
•It is also called a beauty vitamin.
•It is yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble in water.
•The word riboflavin is derived from 2 sources
Ribose- means many ribose sugar found in several vitamins
Flavin-yellow
•It is widely involved in oxidation reduction reaction.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
•It is essential for normal growth
T •It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins.
•It helps in digestion
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•It helps in proper functioning of nervous system

•It is very useful for normal tissue respiration
•Good for skin, nails and eyes
•It helps in in protects the body against cancer
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)
•Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin or nicotinic acid.
•It is essential for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat.
•It is colorless, water-soluble solid derivative of pyridine, with a
carboxyl group (COOH) at the 3 position.
•It is pyridine derivative and is a precursor of the coenzyme NAD
(Nicotinamide adenine dinecleotide)
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)
•Vitamin B3, helps releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
•Vitamin B3, is very essential for DNA synthesis.
T •It is also essential for production of estrogen progesterone and
testosterone.
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•Helpful in reducing migraine headaches.

•It is necessary for healthy skin, nerves and digestive system.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B5 (PANTOTHENIC ACID)

•Vitamin B5 is also known as Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble
vitamin
•It was discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1919.
• Tissue extracts from a variety of biological materials provide a
growth factor for yeast this growth factor identified as pantothenic
acid
•This word derived from greek word pantos meaning everywhere
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B5
(PANTOTHENIC ACID)
•Vitamin B5 plays an important role in helping release energy from sugars,

T starches, and fats.

•They are essential for the cell ,metabolism
•They are very helpful in the cholesterol metabolism
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•Accelerates wound healing

•It is also used as anti-stress factor.
•It is important for releasing energy stored as fat, it is equally important for the
creation of fat.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
•Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically very similar compounds
which can be interconverted in biological systems.
•Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex group, and its active
form, Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.
•It is white crystalline substance soluble in water and alcohol.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6
(PYRIDOXINE)
•Maintain normal nerve information
T •Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges
•Breakdown proteins. The more protein you eat, the more vitamin B6 you need.
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•Assists in the balancing of Sodium and Potassium levels

•Promotes RBC production
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)
•Vitamin B7 or Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R, is a
water soluble B-vitamin.
•Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the
synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucrine, valine, and in gluconeogenesis.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B7
(BIOTIN)
•Sufficient intake of vitamin B7 is important as it helps the body to---------
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convert food into glucose, which is used to produce energy
•Produce fatty acids and amino acids (the building blocks of protein)
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•Active protein /amino acid metabolism in the hair roots and fingernail cells.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID)

•Vitamin B9 is also known as folic acid, folacin or
folate,
•It is a water soluble vitamin
•It is a yellow crystalline substance,
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B9
(FOLIC ACID)
•Folic acid in combination with vitamin B12 is essential
T for formation, maturation.
•It is necessary fro growth and division of all body cells
•It is essential for the health and skin
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•It is an important nutrient for the pregnant women and her

developing fetus and folic acid improves the lactation.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)

•Vitamin B12 is complex organomatrix compound called
as cobalamin which is cobalt containing porphyrin.
•It is freely soluble in water.
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B12
(COBALAMIN)

T •It is essential for production of RBC’S

•It improves concentration, memory and balance
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•It is important for metabolism of fat, carbohydrate,

proteins, folic acid.
 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS (B,C)

VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)

•It is also called ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin

•It is the most active reducing agent
•It is powerful antioxidant
 FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C
(ASCORBIC ACID)
•Synthesis of collagen
T •It is necessary for maintenance of bones and proper functioning of the adrenal
and thyroid gland.
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•Antioxidant
•It stimulates immune function, combats bacterial infection, reduces effects of
allergy-producing substances and protects vitamin A, E and some B complex
vitamins from oxidation.
 MINERALS
•Minerals are inorganic substances meaning that
they occur naturally in non-living things such as
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water, rocks and soil.
•Plants get minerals through the soil and water.
•Animals ingest minerals from eating plants and
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from drinking water.

•Humans ingest minerals from food that we eat
and from drinking fluids.
 FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS

•Minerals are basic and essential raw materials in our daily

T lives.
•They are vital for economic, social and technological
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development.
•They are important for building strong bones and teeth,
blood, skin, hair, nerve function, muscle and for metabolic
processes.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
MACRO MINERALS
•These elements occur in living tissues in comparatively large
amounts.
T •Required in amounts excess of 100mg/day
•They constitute 60-80% of all the inorganic material in the body.
•Calcium,Phosphorus, Sodium,Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur,
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Chlorine
MICRO MINERALS
•These elements occur in living tissues in small amounts.
•They required in amounts less than 100mg/day.
•Iodine, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Selenium, Copper,
Flouride, Molybdenum, chromium
 MACRO MINERALS

CALCIUM
Functions:

•Bone formation
•Teeth formation
•Regulates the permeability of the capillary walls and ion transport
across the cell membranes
•Contraction of the heart and skeletal muscle
•Regulates the excitability if the nerve fibres
•Act as an activator for enzymes such as rennin and pancreatic
lipase.
 MACRO MINERALS

PHOSPHORUS
Functions:
•Bone and Teeth formation
•Production of high energy compounds
•DNA and RNA synthesis
•Synthesis of coenzyme
•Synthesis of phosphoproteins and phospholipids
•Activation of enzyme by phosphorylation
•Acid base balance
 MACRO MINERALS

MAGNESIUM
Functions:
•Neuro-muscular functioning. It helps transmission of
nerve impulses and muscular activities
•Helps ATP synthesis
•Activation of metabolic enzyme
•Constituent of bones, muscle and RBC’s
 MACRO MINERALS

POTASSIUM
Functions:

•Maintains intracellular osmotic pressure, water and acid-

base balance.
•Contraction of heart
•Transmission of nerve impulses
•Enzymes such as Pyruvate kinase require K+ as cofactor
•Required for proper biosynthesis of proteins by
Ribosomes
 MACRO MINERALS

SODIUM
Functions:

•Maintains osmotic pressure, water and electrolyte balance

•It is a constitute of buffer and maintains acid base balance
•It helps in Absorption of glucose, galactose
•It involved in cell membrane permeability
 MACRO MINERALS

CHLORIDE
Functions:

•Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance

•Maintains Acid base balance
•Formation of hydrochloric acid
 MACRO MINERALS

SULFUR
Functions:

•Act as constituent of protein, Vitamins,

Glycosaminoglycans, Bile acids and gluthathione
•Activator of many enzymes
•Detoxification of toxic substances like phenolic
compounds by sulphation.
 MICRO MINERALS

IRON
Functions:

•Helps to form hemoglobin

•Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
•Helps for energy production as it is a cellular enzyme
component
 MICRO MINERALS

IODINE
Functions:

•Required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T4 and T3

• Regulation of BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
 MICRO MINERALS

ZINC
Functions:

•Wound healing
•Growth
•Immune system activation
•Taste sensation
•Formation of collagen
•Maintenance of integrity of skin
 MICRO MINERALS

FLOURIDE
Functions:

•Increases hardness of bone and teeth

•Required for normal dentition
•Prevents dental caries
 MICRO MINERALS

MANGANESE
Functions:

•It serve as a cofactor for several enzymes.

•It is necessary for the cholesterol biosynthesis.
•Inhibits lipid peroxidation
•It is necessary for the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides
and glycoproteins.
 MICRO MINERALS

CHROMIUM
Functions:

•Promotes utilization of glucose

•Facilitate binding of insulin with cell receptor sites
•Lowers total cholesterol
•Decrease LDL and increase HDL
 MICRO MINERALS

COPPER
Functions:

•It is present in oxidases.

•Required for biosynthesis of hemoglobin
•Required for bone formation and maintenance of myelin
•Play role in lipid and amino acid metabolism
 MICRO MINERALS

SELENIUM
Functions:

•About 5-15mg of selenium is found in the body.

•Selenium serves to protect cells against destruction.
 MICRO MINERALS

MOLYBDENUM
Functions:

•Molybdenum uses to process proteins and genetic

material like DNA.
•It also helps breakdown drugs and toxic substances that
enter the body.
 LIST OF DISEASE CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY
OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

1. Osteoporosis 2. Rickets
•Osteoporosis is caused by calcium and •Caused by vitamin D and calcium deficiency
vitamin D deficiency. •Leads to soft and weak bones
•Is characterized by reduced bone density, •affects infants and children resulting in delayed
bone loss, and risk of fractures growth, bowed legs, and pain in the spine,
pelvis, and legs.
 LIST OF DISEASE CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY
OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

3. TETANY
•Mainly caused by calcium deficiency but is  4. GOITER
also caused by magnesium and potassium •Caused by iodine deficiency
deficiency. •Causes swelling and pain in the neck
•It causes numbness, tingling sensation in •Appears as a lump at the front of the neck
hands or feet, abdominal pain or cramping,
diarrhea, and muscle pain.
 LIST OF DISEASE CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY
OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

 5. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA 6. BERIBERI

•Caused by iron deficiency •Caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
•include fatigue, weakness, shortness of •Causes weakness, loss of appetite, shortness
breath, brittle nails, headache, dizziness, of breath, pain in the limbs, and swelling of feet
and soreness of the tongue or legs.
 LIST OF DISEASE CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY
OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

7. PELLAGRA 8. SCURVY
•Caused by Niacin (vitamin B3) •Caused by vitamin C deficiency
deficiency •causes anemia, debility, bruising, bleeding
•It is characterized by diarrhea, gums, pain in the limbs, and loose teeth.
dementia, oral ulcers, and
inflammation of the skin.
 LIST OF DISEASE CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY
OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

9. NIGHT BLINDNESS 10. HEMOPHILIA

•Caused by vitamin A deficiency •Caused by vitamin K deficiency
•especially in individuals who •usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which
have undergone intestinal the blood does not clot properly.
bypass surgery.
 TIPS TO PREVENT DEFICIENCY DISEASES
•Getting Tested
If you have symptoms of a vitamin or mineral deficiency, a blood test can
reveal the amounts. Blood tests can be used to determine whether a
T person is deficient in a certain nutrient.
 
•Evaluate and Eat a Healthy Diet
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Eating a well-balanced diet and avoiding carbohydrates, quick foods, and

processed foods is an optimal method to receive enough nutrients.
 
 REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/abigailabalos/minerals-11379077

T https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/
https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/195878
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THANK YOU