WIND EFFECT ON TALL

STRUCTURES
BY
YOGESH
Under the supervision of:

Dr. Naveen Kwatra

Associate Prof., C.E.D
Thapar University
 WIND
• Wind is flow of gases.
• Wind is caused by difference in pressure.
• Wind is measured by anemometers.
• Wind speed are reported globally at 10 m height and are averaged

over 10 minutes time frame.

• A short bust of high speed wind is termed as wind gust
 WIND EFFECT ON STRUCTURE
Primary factors that effect wind pressure on building surface:

• Velocity of wind
• Shape and surface of building.
• Protection offered by surrounding natural terrain or man made structure.
• Density of air which decreases with altitude and height.
As wind hits a structure and flows around it , several effects are possible:
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND
• Variation of wind velocity with height.
• Wind turbulence.
• Statistical probability.
• Vortex shedding phenomenon.
• Dynamic nature of wind–structure interaction
VARIATION OF WIND VELOCITY
WITH HEIGHT
• There is a retarding effect on wind speed in wind layers near the surface of

earth.
• Height at which the slowdown effect ceases to exist is called gradient
height.
• The corresponding wind velocity is called gradient velocity.
• The ensueing height in which the wind speed is affected by topography is
called atmospheric boundary layer.
The wind speed profile within atmospheric boundary layer is given by:

Vz = Vg (Z/Zg) 1/α
Wind velocity profile as defined in ASCE 7-05
 WIND TURBULANCE
• Motion of wind is turbulent.
• Wind near ground level is highly turbulent.
• Gust is the rapid fluctuations or instantaneous velocity of wind.
• Turbulence is the cause of formation of eddy.
• Structure should be designed to withstand gusts rather than the
mean wind speed

VG = GV V
Where,

VG = Gust speed
GV = Velocity gust factor
V = Mean wind speed
Wind speed measured by anemometer
 PROBABLISTIC APPROCH
• In wind engineering the speed of wind is considered to vary with
return periods
•A wind with low annual probability of occurrence is used to design
structures.

General expression for probability P that a design wind speed will be

exceeded at least once during the exposed period of n years is given
by:
P = 1− (1− Pa) n

Where,

Pa is the annual probability of being exceeded

n is the exposure period in years
 ALONG AND CROSS WIND
• The term along wind is used to refer to drag force.
• The term cross wind is used to refer to the transverse wind.
 VORTEX SHEDDING
•When wind strikes the surface of building, it displaces it on either side.
• At low speed vortices are shed symmetrically in pairs due to which there no
vibration in the transverse direction.
• At high speed vortices are shed alternately resulting in vibration of building
in transverse direction.
• This phenomenon is called vortex shedding.
Simple formula to calculate the frequency of the transverse pulsating
forces caused by vortex shedding:

Where,
f is the frequency of vortex shedding in hertz
V is the mean wind speed at the top of the building
S is a dimensionless parameter called the Strouhal number for the given
shape
D is the diameter of the building
 DYNAMIC NATURE OF WIND
• In low rise building wind is analyzed as static load
•Height rise building has to be studied for the dynamic nature of
wind due to higher effect of gustiness or turbulence.
 HISTORY
As per Baker (2007) the history of wind engineering is divided in five
arbitrary time period

• Traditional period ( upto 1750 )

• Empirical period ( 1750-1900)

• Establishment period (1900-1960)

• Period of growth (1960-1980)

• Modern period (1980 onwards)

 TRADITIONAL PERIOD
• During this period people have developed ritual systems.
• Circular geometries were of major importance.
• However over the centuries they evolved into polygonal and
eventually conical structures
 EMPRICAL PERIOD
• This period Industrial revolution began in earnest.
• Development of classical hydrodynamics building on the work of
Euler, Newton and Bernoulli and later through Navier’s formulation of
the fundamental equations of fluid flow in 1845.
• Long span bridges were constructed and many of these collapses due
to aero elastic oscillations, most famously Tay (rail) bridge in 1879.
 ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD
• Industrial revolution was beginning to influence every aspect of life.
• Also many of the technological advances that were made were
largely driven by military consideration.
• Empire state building was constructed and full scale measurement
was done to find wind gust.
• Wind tunnel was developed by the aeronautical industry.
• There was development of codes of practice by National standards
Organizations.
• Beginning of full scale measurement of wind load on structure.
• Collapse of Tacoma Narrow Bridge.
• During this period we saw important contribution of Dr. Alan
Davenport.
 MODERN PERIOD
• During this time we saw great revisions codes across the world.
• We saw increase in the frequency of major wind disasters.
• Great advancement in wind tunnel test on structures.
 DAVENPORT GUST FACTOR
APPROCH
Let us consider a tall slender building of height ‘h’ exposed to mean
wind speed Vh at top.

Mean wind pressure near the top of building:

Where,
ρa =The air density is affected by altitude and depends on the
temperature and pressure to be expected in the region during wind
storms. Unless otherwise specified,
the value of ρa shall be 1.208 kg/m3.
CD= is Drag or force co-efficient of structure, depending up on the
shape and size (Aspect ratio) of building.
The mean wind velocity variation with height is assumed to follow a
Power law, as given by equation:
Vz = Vg (Z/Zg) 1/α
An empirical expression obtained from measurements suggested by
Davenport (1961a) has the non dimensional form:

Where,

In which Su(f) is the power spectral density of wind fluctuations at

frequency no, V10 is a reference wind velocity taken at 10m height, L
is a length scale which is approx. 1200m, and ‘k’ is the Drag co-
efficient of terrain
 Davenport showed that the average largest response during a
period ‘T’ is given by:

Where,

is the response to mean wind load, and

g f is the peak factor

Where ν is the number of times the mean value is crossed per unit
time. For a lightly damped system ν = no, the natural frequency of
the system. Davenport has suggested 600secs to 3600secs as the
appropriate averaging period ‘T’, considering the spectral gap in
the wind spectrum.
 Using the above equation.

Where G is called the gust factor and is the ratio of expected maximum
response to the mean response.

Davenport also presented an expression for Gust factor, as follows:

G =1+ g f r (B + R)1/2
Where,

gf = peak factor
r = roughness factor
B = background turbulence excitation

R = resonant response excitation

ζ = Critical damping ratio

S = size reduction factor

ξ0 = reduced frequency

IS 875 is based on the above theory

 Yin Z. et al. (2002)
• In their paper did a comparative study of major International codes
and standards for along wind load effects on tall structure.
• ASCE 7 (United states), AS1170.2-89 (Australia), NBC-1995
(Canada), RLB-AIJ-1993 (Japan), and Eurocode-1993 (Europe) are
examined in this study.
• He took a building of height 200 m with width and breadth of 33
m, Bulk density considered 180kg/m3 and wind velocity of 40 m/sec
Following formula were used to find the Gust load factor:
And the results obtained were:
Conclusion by Yin Z at. el.

• It was observed that the difference in the results was due to

unique definitions of wind field characteristics employs by
different codes.
• These nuances in the wind field characteristics have resulted in
discrepancies not only in the GLF estimates, but also in the mean
wind loads, which correspondingly lead to significant variations
in the estimates of the ESWL and associated wind induced load
effect
 METHODOLOGY
There are two major ways calculating wind load on structure:

• Wind tunnel
• IS 875 part 3 for static and dynamic method.
 WIND TUNNEL
• Wind tunnel was first employed for aerodynamic research.
• Later it came into use to calculate effect of wind on man made
structures.
• In this a life like specimen of the structure is prepared and kept in
wind tunnel.
• Air is blown or sucked in this wind tunnel using a series of fan.
• Effect of this air is observed on the structure.
WIND ANAYSIS BY IS 875 PART 3
IS 875 Part 3 has given 2 ways of calculating wind load

• Static analysis
• Dynamic analysis
 STATIC ANALYSIS
Static analysis consists of following steps:

• Determining basic wind speed

• Obtaining design wind speed
• Calculating design wind pressure
• Calculate wind pressure on building
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dynamic analysis in IS875 Part 3 is based on Davenport Gust factor approach

IS 875 Part 3 gives following requirement for use of dynamic analysis of a

structure.

•Buildings and closed structures with a height to minimum lateral

dimension ratio of more than 5
•Buildings and closed structures whose natural frequency in the first
mode is less than 1.0 Hz
To calculate the times period IS code has given 2 formula

• T = 0.9 n for building without shear wall or bracing

• T = 0.09H/(d)1/2 for all others structures

Shedding frequency, η is determined by:

η = (SVd)/b
Where,

S = Strouhal number
Vd = Design wind velocity
b = breadth of a structure or structural members in the horizontal
plane normal to the wind direction
Variation of hourly mean speed with height

Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3 Vb
Where,
Vz = hourly mean wind speed in m/sec at height z
Vb = regional basic wind speed in m/sec
k1 = Probability factor
k2 = terrain, height and structure size factor
k3 = topography factor
Along Wind load

Along wind load on a structure on a strip area (A e) at any height (z) is

given by:
Fz = C f A e p z G

Where,

Fz = along wind load on the structure at any height z corresponding to

strip area Ae
Ct = force coefficient for the building,
Ae = effective frontal area considered for the structure at height c,
pz = design pressure at height z due to hourly mean wind obtained as
0.6 Vz2 ( N/m2 ),
G = gust factor (peak load/mean load), and is given by:
 Gust factor, G
G = 1 + gtr [B (1+φ)2 + SE/β ]1/2
Where,

gt = peak factor defined as the ratio of the expected peak value to the root
mean value of afluctuating load
r = roughness factor which is dependent on the size of the structure in
relation to the ground roughness.
*The value of gtr is given in Fig 8 of IS 875
B = Background factor given in Fig 9 of IS 875
SE/β = measure of the resonant component of the fluctuating wind
S = size reduction factor given in Fig 10 of IS 875
E = measure of available energy in the wind stream at the natural
frequency of the structure given in Fig 11 of IS 875
β = damping coefficient (as a fraction of critical damping) of the structure
as given in Table 34 of IS 875
φ = [gtr(B)1/2]/4 and is to be accountable for building less than 75m high in
terrain category 4 and for buildings less than 25m high in terrain category
3, and is taken as zero in all other cases.
 IMPLEMENTATION
In this report we have analyzed using IS 875 Part 3 method, 5
building of different dimension with one building dimension same
as that on Yin Z et. al. and compared the results.

BLD. 1 BLD. 2 BLD. 3 BLD. 4 BLD. 5

No. of story 5 10 50 100 -

Height (m) 17.5 35 175 350 200
Width (m) 16 20 24 40 33
Breadth (m) 20 35 40 80 33
 BUILDING 1
Breadth, b = 20 m
Width, a = 16 m
Height, h = 17.5 m

Dynamic analysis not required

 3-D model of 5 story structure

Wind dir.
Wind dir.

Plan
Elevation
 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
( 5 STORY)
GIVEN

DIMENSION OF STRUCTURE
Breadth, b 20 m
Width, a 16 m
Height, h 17.5 m
DESIGN LIFE OF STRUCTURE 50 yrs
PROBABITY FACTOR (k1) 1 table 1 of IS 875
TERRAIN CATERGORY 3 clause 5.3.2.1
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR (k3) 1
BASIC WIND SPEED 47 m/sec APPENDIX A
MEAN WIND SPEED FACTOR ( 10m) 0.98 table 2
MEAN WIND VELOCITY AT 10 m height, V 10 47.00 m/sec

LOAD CALCULATION

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp) for walls of rectangular clad buildings (Table 4)
BUILDING HEIGHT RATIO (h/b) 0.88
BREADTH WIDHT RATIO (b/a) 1.25
 AT 90o
A 0.7
B -0.25
C -0.6
D -0.6
AT 0o
A -0.6
B -0.6
C 0.7
D -0.25

NOTATIONS FOR TABLE

For table 1, 3
h(m) = Height of building
dh(m) = Diffrence in height of building
k2(avg) = Average of k2 factor obtained from table 2 as per height
pd = 0.6 x ( V 10 x k1 x k2 x k3 ) 2 Cp
A (m2) = Area of wall (dh x b)
Force (F, kN) = Area x pd
For table 2, 4
z(m) = Average of height
F TOTAL = Total Force (Absolute FWALL A + Absolute FWALL B)
Bending Moment = Total Force x Height

TABLE 1 : FORCE CASE 1 AT 90O

S.No h(m) dh(m) k2(avg) pd A (m2) F (kN)

WALL A WALL B WALL A WALL B
1 5 5 0.88 0.72 -0.26 100 71.8 -25.7
2 10 5 0.88 0.72 -0.26 100 71.8 -25.7
3 15 5 0.91 0.77 -0.27 100 76.8 -27.4
4 17.5 2.5 0.95 0.83 -0.30 50 41.7 -14.9

TABLE 2 : B.M CASE 1 AT 90o

S.No h(m) z (m) F (Kn) WALL AF (Kn) WALL B F TOTAL B.M

1 5 2.5 71.8 -25.7 97.51 243.77
2 10 7.5 71.8 -25.7 97.51 731.30
3 15 12.5 76.8 -27.4 104.27 1303.36
4 17.5 16.25 41.7 -14.9 56.58 919.41
TOTAL 355.86 3197.84
 BUILDING 2
Breadth, b = 35 m
Width, a = 20 m
Height, h = 35 m

Dynamic analysis not required

Wind dir.

3-D model of 10 story structure

 Wind dir.

Plan Elevation
TABLE 1 : FORCE CASE 1 AT 90O

S.No h(m) dh(m) k2(avg) pd A (m2) F (kN)

WALL A WALL B WALL A WALL B
1 10 10 0.88 0.72 -0.31 350 143.7 -61.6
2 15 5 0.91 0.77 -0.33 175 76.8 -32.9
3 20 5 0.96 0.86 -0.37 175 85.5 -36.6
4 25 5 0.99 0.91 -0.39 175 91.4 -39.2
5 30 5 1.02 0.96 -0.41 175 96.1 -41.2
6 35 5 1.04 1.00 -0.43 175 99.9 -42.8

TABLE 2 : B.M CASE 1 AT 90o

S.No h(m) z (m) F (Kn) WALL A F (Kn)WALL B F TOTAL B.M

1 10 5 143.7 -61.6 205.28 1026.39
2 15 12.5 76.8 -32.9 109.76 1371.95
3 20 17.5 85.5 -36.6 122.15 2137.61
4 25 22.5 91.4 -39.2 130.56 2937.59
5 30 27.5 96.1 -41.2 137.22 3773.54
6 35 32.5 99.9 -42.8 142.67 4636.67
TOTAL 847.63 15883.74

* Final result are displayed ( Calculated as previous)

 BUILDING 3
Breadth, b = 40 m
Width, a = 24 m
Height, h = 175m

Dynamic analysis required

Wind dir.

3-D model of 50 story structure

Wind dir.

Plan

Elevation
 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
( 50 STORY)
GIVEN

DIMENSION OF STRUCTURE
Breadth, b 40 m
Width, a 24 m
Height, h 175 m
DESIGN LIFE OF STRUCTURE 50 yrs
TYPE OF STRUCTURE (S) 0.15 clause 7.2
TERRAIN CATERGORY 3 clause 5.3.2.1
WIND SPEED FACTOR (k2) 0.86 table 33
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR (k3) 1
STRUCTURE DAMPING COFFICIENT (β) 0.016 Table 34
TIME PERIOD (T) 2.49 clause 7.1 note 1 (a)
SWAY FREQUENCY, (fo) 0.40 Hz 1/T
MODE SHAPE (k) 1
AVERAGE BUILDING DENSITY 275 kg/m2
BASIC WIND SPEED 47 m/sec APPENDIX A
HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED FACTOR ( 10m) 0.67 table 33
HOURLY MEAN WIND VELOCITY AT 10 m height, V10 23.50 m/sec
HOURLY MEAN WIND VELOCITY AT ROOF LEVEL, Vn 40.42 m/sec
LOAD CALCULATION

SHEDDING FREQUENCY (η) = SxV d/b 0.15 < .2

Factor g/r 0.78 Fig 8

BACKGROUND FACTORS
Longitudnal correlation constant C Z 12 Pg 52 of IS 875
Lateral correlation constant Cy 10 Pg 52 of IS 875
L(h) 1800 Fig 8
Cz x h/L(h) 1.17
λ = (Cy x b)/(Cz x h) 0.19
Background factor, B 0.6 Fig 9
Reduced frequency, F o = (Cz x f o x h)/V n 20.86
Size reduction factor, S 0.075 Fig 10
foL(h)/V n 17.88
Gust energy factor, E 0.09 Fig 11
SE/β 0.42
Gust factor, G=1+gfr(B+(SE/β)) 1/2 1.79

FORCE COEFFICIENT, C f
a/b 0.60
h/b 4.38 >1
Cf 1.4 Fig 4A
h(m) = Height of building
d(h)m =Diffrence between height
z (m) = Avg of height
k2 = Table 33 of IS 875
Ac = Area of wall
Force (along wind) at height z on strip area Ae = CfGAeFz
Pressure at height z due to V z = (V 10 x (k2/0.50))
Fz = CfGAepz
Bending Moment = Force x Area

S.No h(m) dh(m) z (m) k2 V z (m/sec) pz (N/m2) Ac (m2) Fz (kN) B.M

1 10 10 5 0.5 23.50 331.35 400 331.86 1659.32
2 15 5 12.5 0.59 27.73 461.37 200 231.04 2888.05
3 20 5 17.5 0.59 27.73 461.37 200 231.04 4043.27
4 30 10 25 0.64 30.08 542.88 400 543.73 13593.16
5 50 20 40 0.7 32.90 649.45 800 1300.91 52036.30
6 125 75 87.5 0.815 38.31 880.36 3000 6612.97 578635.20
7 150 25 137.5 0.84 39.48 935.20 1000 2341.63 321974.59
8 175 25 162.5 0.86 40.42 980.27 1000 2454.47 398850.92
TOTAL 7000 14047.66 1373680.80

BASE BENDING MOMENT 1373680.8 kNm

 BUILDING 4
Breadth, b = 80 m
Width, a = 40 m
Height, h = 350 m

Dynamic analysis required

Wind dir.

3-D model of 100 story structure

Wind
dir.

Plan

Elevation
h(m) = Height of building
d(h)m =Diffrence between height
z (m) = Avg of height
k2 = Table 33 of IS 875
Ac = Area of wall
Force (along wind) at height z on strip area Ae = C fGAeFz
Pressure at height z due to V z = (V 10 x (k2/0.50))
Fz = CfGAepz
Bending Moment = Force x Area

S.No h(m) dh(m) z (m) k2 V z (m/sec) pz (N/m2) Ac (m2) Fz (kN) B.M

1 10 10 5 0.5 23.50 331.35 800 590.64 2953.19
2 15 5 12.5 0.59 27.73 461.37 400 411.20 5140.03
3 20 5 17.5 0.59 27.73 461.37 400 411.20 7196.04
4 30 10 25 0.64 30.08 542.88 800 967.70 24192.55
5 50 20 40 0.7 32.90 649.45 1600 2315.30 92612.11
6 100 50 75 0.79 37.13 827.18 4000 7372.35 552926.18
7 150 50 125 0.84 39.48 935.20 4000 8335.09 1041886.21
8 200 50 175 0.88 41.36 1026.39 4000 9147.81 1600866.43
9 250 50 225 0.91 42.77 1097.56 4000 9782.15 2200984.62
10 300 50 275 0.93 43.71 1146.34 4000 10216.86 2809637.53
11 350 50 325 0.95 44.65 1196.17 4000 10661.02 3464832.75
TOTAL 16000 60211.34 11803227.65

BASE BENDING MOMENT 11803227.65 kNm

 BUILDING 5
Breadth, b = 33 m
Width, a = 33 m
Height, h = 200 m
Wind speed = 40 m/sec
Density = 180 kg/m3

Dynamic analysis required

3-D model of 200 m height structure
h(m) = Height of building
d(h)m =Diffrence between height
z (m) = Avg of height
k2 = Table 33 of IS 875
Ac = Area of wall
Force (along wind) at height z on strip area Ae = C fGAeFz
Pressure at height z due to V z = (V10 x (k2/0.50))
Fz = CfGAepz
Bending Moment = Force x Area

S.No h(m) dh(m) z (m) k2 Vz (m/sec) pz (N/m2) Ac (m2) Fz (kN) B.M

1 10 10 5 0.5 20.00 240.00 330 199.76 998.78
2 15 5 12.5 0.59 23.60 334.18 165 139.07 1738.37
3 20 5 17.5 0.59 23.60 334.18 165 139.07 2433.72
4 30 10 25 0.64 25.60 393.22 330 327.28 8181.99
5 50 20 40 0.7 28.00 470.40 660 783.04 31321.68
6 125 75 87.5 0.815 32.60 637.66 2475 3980.48 348292.02
7 150 25 137.5 0.84 33.60 677.38 825 1409.48 193802.90
8 200 50 175 0.88 35.20 743.42 1650 3093.82 541417.63
TOTAL 6600 10071.99 1128187.10

BASE BENDING MOMENT 1128187 kNm

 RESULTS
The results of the 4 buildings are:

TYPEE OF BASE SHEAR MOMENT

S.No. BUILDING (kN) (kNm)
1 5 story 284.69 2558.27

2 10 story 735.17 14561.67

3 50 story 14460.06 410560.17

4 100 story 61486.90 12053275.95

This shows that with height of structure the effect of wind

tremendously increases
The result of 200 m high building is also shown below in the table for different
codes
ASCE 7 AS1170.2 NBC RLB-AIJ Eurocode IS 875
G.L.F 1.854 2.021 2.544 1.868 2.026 1.74
Moment 1539848 1302400 1871300 1556400 1696700 1128187
(kNm)

Here we can see that G.L.F and moment are different for all codes. This
is because of difference in wind characterisation in the codes
THANK YOU