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Sterilization: Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh

This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all living material and disinfection as removing most pathogens but some resistant forms may remain. It describes various sterilization methods including dry heat, moist heat using autoclaves, irradiation, filtration, and chemicals. It discusses factors affecting sterilization time and tests to ensure autoclave function. The document also covers disinfection methods, classes of disinfectants like phenols and iodine, and factors impacting disinfectant effectiveness.

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Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh
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632 views28 pages

Sterilization: Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh

This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all living material and disinfection as removing most pathogens but some resistant forms may remain. It describes various sterilization methods including dry heat, moist heat using autoclaves, irradiation, filtration, and chemicals. It discusses factors affecting sterilization time and tests to ensure autoclave function. The document also covers disinfection methods, classes of disinfectants like phenols and iodine, and factors impacting disinfectant effectiveness.

Uploaded by

Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

STERILIZATION

Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh


Dept. of Medical Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fateh University
Tripoli - Libya
?What is Sterilization

• The removal of all forms of living


material.

• Important: First Objects to Be


Sterilized Should Be Cleaned by
Washing.
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
1. DRY HEAT
– Red Heat
– Hot - Air Oven:
• 160o/ 60 minutes
• 180o/ 20 minutes
2. MOIST HEAT:
– Tyndallization: > 100oC/ 30 minutes
On 3 Consecutive Days.
– The Autoclave: > Pressurized Steam.
• 121oC/ 1.1 bar for 15 minutes.
• 134oC/ 2.2 bar for 3 minutes.
• TESTS FOR AUTOCLAVE FUNCTION

– The Bowie-Dick Autoclave Tape Test:


– Browne's Tubes:
– Automatic Controls or Pen Records:
– Bacteriological Tests (Spore Tests):
• 2. IRRADIATION
• i. Ultra - Violet Radiation (UV):
– a. Not Recommended.
– b. Poor penetration in Air.
– c. Suitable to Reduce Microbial Counts
in Safety Cabinets.

• ii. Gamma - Ray Radiation


– Source: Cobalt 60.
– a. Lethal to All Forms of Microbial
Life.
– b. Used Commercially.
• 3. FILTRATION
– Bacterial Stopping Filters.

• 4. GASES
• i. Ethylene Oxide Gas:
– a. Ventilators.
– b. Toxic & Explodes When Mixed
with Air.
• ii. Formaldehyde:
– a. Rooms and Lab. Cabinets.
• 5. LIQUIDES:
– Disinfectants.

• i. Glutaraldehyde:
– a. Sterilizing Heat Sensitive Pieces
of Equipments.
Forms of Sterilization by Heat and Principle Uses.
_______________________________________________________________
Type of Heat Use
_______________________________________________________________
DRY:
1. Red Heat. Microbiological Loops. Incineration of Used
Lab. Culture Plates.
2. Hot - Air Oven. Many Surgical & Dental Instruments but
Not Fabrics or Rubber.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
MOIST:
1. Steam at 100oC Some Bacteriological Media.
On 3 Consecutive Days.

2. Pressurized Most Surgical and Dental Instruments,


Steam (Autoclave). Fabrics & Dressings (If Wrapped); Most
Microbiological Media & Glassware.
_______________________________________________________________
Heat Content of Water and Steam
_______________________________________
Phase Temp. Heat Content (kJ/kg)
of oC Sensible Latent Total
Water Heat Heat Heat
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Liquid 100 419 0 419
Vapour 100 419 2257 2676
Vapour 121 509 2199 2708
Vapour 135 567 2160 2727
_______________________________________
• PROPERTIES OF STEAM
– i. Moisture content

– ii. Heat content

– iii. Penetration
PRESSURE STEAM STERILIZERS

1. Porous Load Sterilizers (Prevacuum type):


• Removal of air and heating of the chamber.
• Sterilization of the load.
• Removal of steam and drying of the load by
mechanical evacuation.
• Admission of filtered air to restoration
atmospheric pressure.
2. Downward Displacement Jacketed
Sterilizers:
• Gradual displacement of air by incoming
steam while the chamber is heated to the
selected sterilizing temp.
• Sterilization of the textile packs for
30 min/ 121oc.
• Drying of the load by partial vacuum.
• Restoration of the chamber to
atmospheric pressure.
3. Unwrapped Instrument and Utensil
Sterilizers:
• DSL autoclaves

4. Fluid Sterilizers:
• e.g. water, iv solutions, etc.
• Factors influencing sterilization
time for fluids:
– rate of heating of the chamber:
– type of container:
– viscosity of the liquid:
– volume of the liquid:
– trapped air:
" ‫الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫" بسم هللا‬
DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS

Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh


Dept. of Medical Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fateh University
Tripoli - Libya
Disinfection

• The removal of most of the


pathogenic microorganism, but
often non-pathogenic or resistant
forms of pathogens remain.
Methods of Disinfection
• A. Cleaning
• Instruments with high risk organic
material >>

• Treat with strong disinfectant >>


Cleaning >> Sterile or dispose of.
B. Disinfection by Heat
i. Pasteurization
ii. Boiling water
iii. Flaming off alcohol

C. Physical Methods
• Ultrasonics
Ultrasonic vibration >
Disrupte microorganisms
e.g. Ultrasonic scalers.
D. Chemical Disinfectants
Denaturing protein or lipid
Act: Disrupting the biosynthetic pathways

I. Phenols
• Clear phenolic solutions:
• Black and White Phenolic Compounds:
• Chloroxylenol: (Dettol)
• Hexachlorophane: Pre-operative scrub
II. Halogenic Compounds

• Hypochlorites: Effective > HBV


• Iodine + Alcohol
Pre-operative skin antiseptic.
• Bovidone Iodine:
an anti-plaque agent.
III. Aldehydes
• Formaldehyde
• Gluteraldehyde
• Alcohol
-----------------------
Antiseptics
• Are bacteriostatic agents that can
be used on skin and mucosal
surfaces.
IV. Diguanides
• Chlorhexdine
0.5% + 70% alcohol >>> Skin
disinfectant

• Chlorhexidine gluconate
Treatment of oral candidosis + oral
ulceration
V. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
• Cetrimide

VI. Organic Dyes


• e.g. gentian violet
• Factors Affecting the Effectiveness
of Disinfectants:

• Tests of the Proper Functioning of


Liquid Disinfectants:
" In-use" Tests.
Storage of Sterile Instruments
• Never store instruments in liquid
disinfectants.

Waste Disposal

Special Problems
• HBV, HCV and HIV (AIDS)
Sterilization and Disinfection
in Dentistry

• Sterilization >>> Autoclave.


• Dental instruments can and should be
autoclaved after each patient.
• Nozzles of air and water spray: ??

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