SECURITY CONSTRAINED

ECONOMIC DISPATCH
VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM AT: - NTPC, SIPAT, BILASPUR

Submitted by :
Abinash Prusty,
Regd. No.1801106025
CONTENTS: -
 Overview of Indian Power Sector
 Security Constraint Economic Dispatch
 Methods for SCED analysis
 Types of SCED
 SCED with Renewables
 Key benefits of SCED
 SCED implementation
 Implementation challenges
 Future work
 Conclusion
 INDIAN POWER SECTOR
The total all India installed power generation capacity is around 349 GW which includes
223 GW (64 %) of Thermal Power Capacity and around 74GW of renewable energy
capacity as on 31st December, 2018.
• Most of the generating stations are
tied up in long-term power purchase
agreements (87 %) with the State
Utilities and the remaining
generating stations through medium-
term & short-term contracts.
• Distribution Companies (DISCOMS)
meet majority of their daily power
need by requisitioning/scheduling the
generation from their portfolio of
long-term, medium-term and short-
term contracts.
 SECURITY CONSTRAINED ECONOMIC
DISPATCH
• Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) is the operation of generation facilities
producing energy at lowest cost to reliably serve consumers considering generation
limits, security constraints and contingencies.
• Security constrained economic dispatch benefits electricity consumers by systematically
increasing the use of the most efficient
generation units.
• This can lead to:
 better fuel utilization
 lower fuel usage, and
 reduced air emissions than would
result from using less efficient generation.
 METHODS FOR SCED ANALYSIS
Security Constrained economic dispatch problem is a standard minimization problem.

Objective function: The objective function for the SCED problem is the cost of generation of the entire
system. The cost of the generator is modelled as a quadratic cost function given by

Equality constraints:

Inequality constraints: The SCED problem formulation involves limits on the generation and line flows
which can all be considered as inequality constraints.
 LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION
DECOMPOSITION METHOD :-
• In the field of mathematical optimization,
Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method
which approximates a difficult problem of
constrained optimization by a simpler problem.
• A solution to the relaxed problem is an
approximate solution to the original problem,
and provides useful information.
 AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN
RELAXATION (ALR):-
• ALR decomposition technique is
used for solving nonlinear
problems with decomposable
structure, including complicating
constraints. .
• This approach has been widely
used in power system optimization
problems. The ALR decomposition
is utilized to solve Unit commitment
problem.
RT SCED AND IT SCED
DESIGN
•RT SCED = Real-time Security Constrained Economic Dispatch
•IT SCED = Intermediate Term Security Constrained Economic
Dispatch
SCED aims to provide a least-cost re-dispatch solution for
online units while meeting the network constraints as well
as other restrictions. When simulated in real-time, SCED
is referred to as real-time SCED (RT SCED).
RT SCED produces a generation re-dispatch solution that
would eliminate the actual base-case network constraints
and meet all the system requirements at least cost. For a
real power system, SCED runs consecutively in real-time.
IT SCED does not directly send signals to generators.
However, it provides a 2-hour look-ahead dispatch
trajectory and guides RT SCED.
 
SCED WITH RENEWABLES
With increasing emphasis on utilizing more renewable energy to mitigate
climate change, the power industry is confronted with many new
challenges. A sudden change in a variable renewable source can cause a
large surplus or lack of power output and subsequently affect the security
of some power system networks with limited flexibility. The objective is
therefore to:
 Finding ways to increase power system flexibility and security.
 Identify challenges posed to SCED reformulation due to the
integrated renewable energy systems.
 Propose a hybrid computational intelligence-based optimization
method for SCED of integrated renewable energy sources.
IRES is a system that harnesses two or more forms of locally available
renewable energy resources to supply a variety of energy needs in a most
efficient, cost-effective, and practical way, with the ultimate goal of
amalgamating the advantages at the end user.
 KEY BENEFITS OF SCED: -
 Optimisation of generation based on merit order: Generation from pithead plants with lower variable cost in the northern
and eastern regions was increased while generation with higher variable costs was decreased in the southern region.
 Reduction in fuel costs:
 Ease of operation: Reduction in number of schedule changes has increased the plant load factor of cheaper stations and
decreased it for costly stations.

 Diversity: during extreme weather conditions,

load crash results in the schedule being revised to
a technical minimum within the region.
 Wider ambit: In June 2019, NTPC’s 800 MW
Gadarwara power station in Madhya Pradesh
and Tata Power’s 1,050 MW Maithon power
station in Jharkhand were incorporated in the
SCED optimisation process.
 Reduced congestion: The split in regional system
marginal prices represents periods of
transmission congestion.
SCED IMPLEMENTATION: -
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has expanded the ambit of
security constrained economic despatch (SCED), a mechanism that facilitates the
supply of cheaper electricity based on merit order, and has extended the duration
for its implementation. The SCED pilot project was first implemented by the Power
System Operation Corporation (POSOCO) in April 2019, covering thermal
interstate generating stations (ISGSs) across India

 RESULTS OF SCED: -
 A solution that contains:
 Recommendation changes of Dispatch Rate.
 A list of all active constraints on the system.
 A list of all units that will be used for constraint control.
 Individual Generation setpoints and dispatch rates for all units
 The ability for the Generation Dispatcher to produce alternative solutions.
 
 
 IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES: -
 Information technology and data interfacing:

 Communication and integration of regional scheduling software applications:

 .
 Self-healing/Ride-through attributes:

 Operational flexibility provisions in SCED:

 Effect of SCED on ramping reserves:

 Interregional scheduling:
 OPTIMIZATION AND COMPUTATIONAL CHALLENGES:
 In a practical power system, the SCED problem is a nonlinear and multi-
objective problem due to power system operational constraints.
 Apart from the size, non-linearity, and non-convexity of the SCED problem for
IRES is a highly challenging problem.
 Considering the equations of SCED, optimization problems with such number
of equality, and inequality constraints, face considerable computational
challenges.
 Other challenges in connection with optimization and computation of SCED
are difficulties with the stochastic nature of objective functions.
 Due to this, most multi objective functions consume immense computation time.
All these challenges require figuring out a way of analysing varying operating
conditions under multiple and intermittent contingency scenarios to ensure no
sudden cascade failures from overloading and disasters occur.
 FUTURE WORK
 Figuring out a way of solving this multi-objective optimization
problem that considers variable loads & intermittent generation is a
challenge that requires substantial attention during the integration of
renewables.
 As a future work, hybrid computational intelligence-based
optimization of SCED for IRES with predictive control and post
contingency corrective actions is proposed.
 This could alleviate the challenges related to the intermittency and
unpredictability of renewable energy sources.
 Besides using physical power systems, applying computationally
intelligent and self-adaptive optimization tools of SCED for renewable
microgrids, smart grids, and hybrid energy systems is also suggested.
CONCLUSION
 This project presents a survey of papers, books, and reports, which articulate the
recent trends, and aspects of Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)
of IRES. The period under consideration is 2008 through 2018.
 This is done to provide an up-to-date review of the recent major advancements in
the SCED of IRES state-of-the-art since 2008, identify further challenging
developments needed in adoption smarter grids, and indicate ways to address
these challenges.
 The study has been conducted in various categories of perspectives and areas of
interest that are very important and relevant for articulating the recent trends of
SCED. The novelty of this review lies in the articulation of research gaps,
providing an up-to-date review of the recent major advancements in the SCED of
IRES state-of-the-art since 2008, identification of further challenging
developments needed in the adoption of smarter grids, and indicating ways to
address these challenges altogether with their recommendation.
THANK
YOU