PROCESSOR

By: Mohammed Fareed Ur Rahman

Jazan Community College
Saudi Arabia
PROCESSOR
 The CPU is the main processor of your PC.
 Everything that goes on in your PC at some point
goes through your CPU.
 In reference to the human body the CPU is brain
of the PC.
 The CPU's speed is a measure of MHz
(megahertz) or more recently GHz (gigahertz).
 1 Mhz would be able to complete 1 Million
cycles every second
 A measure called CPI (Cycles Per Instruction)
gives a representation of the average number of
clock cycles required for a microprocessor to
execute an instruction.

 A microprocessor s power can thus be

characterized by the number of instructions per
second that it is capable of processing. MIPS
 The first microprocessor (Intel 4004) was
invented in 1971. It was a 4-bit calculation device
with a speed of 108 kHz. Since then,
microprocessor power has grown exponentially.
So what exactly are these little pieces of silicone
that run our computers?
 There are two main desktop CPU manufacturers,
they are
 Intel
 AMD.
INTEL VS AMD
LIST OF INTEL PROCESSORS
 80286
 80386
 80486
 Original Pentium – 32 bit
 Pentium with MMX Technology
 Pentium Pro
 Pentium II
 Celeron (Pentium II-based)
 Pentium III
 Pentium II and III Xeon
 Pentium M
 Celeron M
 Intel Core
 Dual-Core
 Pentium 4
 Xeon
 Mobile Pentium 4-M
 Pentium D
 Intel Core 2
 Pentium Dual Core
 Celeron - 64 bit
 Celeron M – 64 bit
 Intel 32 – Intel Atom
 Intel 64 – Nehalem microarchitecture
 Core i3
 Core i5
 Core i7
LIST OF AMD PROCESSORS
 Am2900 series (1975)
 29000 (29K)
 Am*86 series K5 architecture
 K6 architecture
 K7 core architecture - Athlon Pluto/Orion
 Bulldozer core architecture (future)
 Bobcat core architecture (future)
REGISTERS
 When the processor executes instructions, data is
temporarily stored in small, local memory
locations of 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits called registers.
 Depending on the type of processor, the overall
number of registers can vary from about ten to
many hundreds.
THE MAIN REGISTERS ARE:
 the accumulator register (ACC), which stores the results of
arithmetic and logical operations;
 the status register (PSW, Processor Status Word), which
holds system status indicators (carry digits, overflow, etc.);
 the instruction register (RI), which contains the current
instruction being processed;
 the ordinal counter (OC or PC for Program Counter),
which contains the address of the next instruction to process;
 the buffer register, which temporarily stores data from the
memory.
CACHE MEMORY
 Cache memory (also called buffer memory) is
local memory that reduces waiting times for
information stored in the RAM (Random Access
Memory).
 Level one cache memory (called L1 Cache, for
Level 1 Cache) is directly integrated into the
processor.
SOCKET TYPES
 Slot 1
 Socket 7
 Socket 370
 Socket 939
 Socket 1156
 Socket 1366
 Socket AM2
SLOT 1
 Slot 1 (also Slot1 or SC242) is a Slot-
type connector with 242 contacts.
 This connector was designed for
Pentium II family of processors, and
later used for Celeron
 Pentium III was the last microprocessor
family that used the Slot 1.
 For its next generation of Pentium
processors - Pentium 4, Intel
completely abandoned the Slot1
architecture.
SOCKET 7
 Socket 7 was introduced by Intel for it's Pentium 133 - 200
MHz processors and for Pentium MMX processor family.
 The major feature of the new socket was support for dual
plane voltage - the socket could supply different voltages to
processor core and I/O logic.
 Socket 7 has 321 pin holes arranged as 37 x 37 pin matrix
SOCKET 370
 Socket 370 (also called PGA370) is a PGA socket
designed to work with Intel Celeron and Pentium
III processors in Pin Grid Array (PGA) package.
SOCKET 423
 Socket 423, also called PGA423, is a Pin Grid
Array (PGA) socket introduced together with
Pentium 4 microprocessor family in November
2000.
 The socket supported only Pentium 4 CPUs with
Willamette core and was replaced with socket
478 just in 9 months after its introduction.
SOCKET 462
 Socket 462 (also called Socket A) is a PGA socket designed
for AMD K7 family of processors.
 This socket can be used with AMD Athlon and Duron
processors ranging in speed from 600 MHz to 2200 MHz
(3200+) and with bus frequences ranging from 100 MHz to
200 MHz (400 MHz DDR).
SOCKET 939
 Socket 939 is a PGA socket designed for desktop
K8 microprocessors. The socket is primarily used
with Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon FX
microprocessors.
SOCKET 1156
 Socket 1156, or LGA1156, is a Land Grid Array socket used
by the latest generation of workstation-class Intel Core i3,
Core i5, Core i7 and Xeon microprocessors.
 The socket supports dual-channel DDR3 SDRAM memory
controller, on-chip Direct Media Interface running at 2.5
GT/s, and PCI Express interface.
SOCKET 1366
 Socket 1366, also called LGA1366 or Socket B, is a Land Grid Array (LGA)
socket used by the latest generation of server-class Intel Core i7 and Xeon
microprocessors.
 The socket supports triple-channel or six-channel DDR3 SDRAM memory
controller and up to two QuickPath Interconnect links with frequencies up to
3.2 GHz.
SOCKET AM2
 Socket AM2 is a socket for high-performance and budget desktop
microprocessors. The socket was officially introduced on May 23,
2006.
 The socket AM2 works with single, dual, triple and quad-core
desktop processors with frequencies up to 3.2 GHz. The socket
supports dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM memory controller and one
1000 MHz HyperTransport link.
 Socket Pin Count CPU Families
Slot 1 / SC242 242 Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III
AMD K5 / K6 / K6-2 / K6-III
Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX, MII
IBM 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX
IDT Winchip 2, Winchip C6
Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX
Rise Technology MP6
Socket 7 321 ST 6x86
Intel Celeron, Pentium III
Socket 370 / PGA370 370
VIA C3
Socket 423 / PGA423 423 Intel Pentium 4
Socket 462 / Socket A 462 AMD Athlon, Athlon 4, Athlon MP,
Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Duron,
Mobile Athlon, Mobile Duron, Sempron
Socket 478 / mPGA478B 478 Intel Celeron, Celeron D,
Mobile Pentium 4, Mobile Pentium 4-M,
Pentium 4