EE 740

Professor Ali Keyhani

Lecture #6

Load-Tap-Change Transformer
(LTC)
Load-Tap-Changing Transformers (LTC):

Np Np Ns Ns
VL-N Tap Tap

Np
Ns
Tap
HV LV

 LTC: In LTC transformers the taps are changed when the loads are not connected.
 TCUL: The taps are changed when the loads are connected.
 In LTC transformers the number of turns on the primary side and secondary side can
be changed.
 Nominal Turns Ratio: When all turns of both the primary and secondary are carrying
currents.
V HV/ NHV = VLV / NLV or VHV/ VLV = NHV / NLV = a
 Off-Nominal Turns Ratio: When parts of the turns of one or both windings are not
carrying currents
Note: When nominal turns ratio is used the base voltages are selected as:

VbHV = (VHV/ VLV)xVbLV or VbLV = (VLV/ VHV)xVbHV

Problem 1: A single tap-changing transformer has 2000 turns on the primary side, and
a variable number of turns on the secondary side (Nsec max = 7300, Nsec min = 5300).
Compute the minimum and maximum voltage that can be maintained on the secondary
side. Assume the maximum primary voltage is equal to 36.4 kV.

Primary
1
36.4 kV 2
3 Secondary Nsec max = 7300
Np = 2000 4
5 Nsec min = 5300
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Vp/2000 = 36.4x103/2000 = 18.2 V/T

Vp/2000 = Vsec/Nsec max = 18.2 = Vsec/7300 Vsec = 132.86 kV

Vp/2000 = Vsec/Nsec min = 18.2 = Vsec/5300 Vsec = 96.46 kV

The secondary voltage can be changed between 132.86 and 96.46 kV

Problem 1: A transformer bank is composed of three single-phase transformers supplying a three-phase load
consisting of three identical 10 resistors. Each single-phase transformer is rated 10 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV, with a
leakage reactance of 10%. Resistance may be neglected. The load is connected to the low voltage side of the
bank. The first symbol in the designation of the transformer connection in column 1 of the table included as
part of the problem indicates the connection of the high-tension side of the transformer bank. Fill in the blanks
in the table for a base of 30 MVA. The impedance that would be marked on an impedance diagram is either the
ohmic or the per-unit value of the impedance of one phase of the Y-connected equivalent circuit.

Table for problem 1

Trans- Load Line- to-Line Z viewed Z viewed

former connec- base, kV Base Z, ohms from HT Z of load from HT circ-
connec- tion (2) LT(3) HT(4) LT(5) HT(6) circuit (7) per unit (8) uit per unit(9)
tion (1)
Y-Y Y 6.6
Y-Y Delta 6.6
Y-Delta Y 3.81
Y-Delta Delta 3.81
Delta -Y Y 6.6
Delta -Y Delta 6.6

Note: Column 7 refers to the impedance in ohms of the transformer plus the load viewed from the high tension
side of the transformer. Column 8 refers to the per-unit impedance of the load computed on the base for the
load circuit. Column 9 refers to the impedance of the transformer and load viewed from the high tension side of
the transformer expressed in per-unit on the base for the high tension circuit.
Solution for problem 1:

Column 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 66 1.455 145.5 1000+j14.55 6.87 6.87+j0.1
2 66 1.455 145.5 333+j14.55 2.29 2.31+j0.1
3 66 0.485 145.5 3000+j14.55 20.6 20.6+j0.1
4 66 0.485 145.5 1000+j14.55 6.87 6.87+j0.1
5 38.1 1.455 48.5 333+j4.85 6.87 6.87+j0.1
6 38.1 1.455 48.5 11+j4.85 2.29 2.29+j0.1

Problem 1, Part 1)

10 10
38.1x 3 3.81x 3
10
10%
HV 30 MVA LV
j.10
Sb = 30 MVA VbHV = 38.1x  3 = 66kV
ZbLV = (6.6)2/30 = 1.452  ZbHV = (66)2/30 = 145.2 
ZL pu = 10/1.452 = 6.887 ZL=6.887
Z in pu = 6.887 + j0.10 Sb=30
ZHV input = 145.5(Z in pu) = 1000 + j14.55 
ZbHV = (38.1)2/10 = (66/ 3)2/(30/3) = 145.2  10
ZbLV = (3.81) 2/10 = (6.6/ 3)2/(30/3) = 1.452 
38.1 3.81 1 phase Eq. Ckt.
Part 1: Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit

38.1 3.81
10 10

10

Y-Y

VbHV=38.1 VbLV=3.81
10
j.10
38.1/3.81
10%
10 MVA ZL=6.887 pu

Sb = 10 MVA VbHV = 38.1 VbLV = 3.81

ZbLV = (3.81)2/10 = 1.45 Sb=10
Zload pu = 10/1.45 = 6.887
Part 2:

38.1 3.81
10/3 10/3

10/3

Y-Y
30 MVA
65.9/6.59

10/3

38.1/3.81
10%
10 MVA
Sb = 10 MVA VbHV = 38.1 VbLV = 3.81
2
ZbLV = (3.81) /10 = 1.45
Zload pu = 3.333/1.45 = 2.296 pu Ztotal pu HV = 2.296 + j.10Sb=10
Zactual HV = (2.296+j.10)ZbHV ZbHV = (38.1)2/10 = 145.16
Zactual HV = 333 + j14.516
Part 1: Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit

38.1 3.81
10 10

10

Y-
30 MVA
65.9/3.81
10%

10
j.10
38.1/3.81/ 3
10%
10 MVA 20.667
Zb = (3.81)2/30 = 0.48387 or Zb = (3.81/  3)2/(30/3)
Zload pu = 10/.48387 = 20.667
Ztotal puHV = 20.667 + j.10 pu Sb=10
ZbHV = (38.1) 2/10 = 145.16
Ztotal = (20.667 + j.10)(145.16) = 3000 + j14.516
Part 2: Alternate base selection

10
10/3
10
Y-Y 10/3

10/3
65.9/6.59 10
30 MVA
10%

VbHV = 65.9 L-L VbLV = 6.59 L-L

Sb = 30 MVA (3)
VbHV (L-L) VbL (L-L)
ZbLV = (6.59)2/30 = 1.4476
j.10
ZL pu = 3.333/1.4476 = 2.296

2.296

Sb = 30 MVA
Solution for problem 1:

Column 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 66 1.455 145.5 1000+j14.55 6.87 6.87+j0.1
2 66 1.455 145.5 333+j14.55 2.29 2.31+j0.1
3 66 0.485 145.5 3000+j14.55 20.6 20.6+j0.1
4 66 0.485 145.5 1000+j14.55 6.87 6.87+j0.1
5 38.1 1.455 48.5 333+j4.85 6.87 6.87+j0.1
6 38.1 1.455 48.5 11+j4.85 2.29 2.29+j0.1

Problem 1, Part 1) Alternate base selection.

10 10
38.1x 3 3.81x 3
10
10%
HV 30 MVA LV
j.10
Sb = 30 MVA VbHV = 38.1x  3 = 66kV
ZbLV = (6.6)2/30 = 1.452  ZbHV = (66)2/30 = 145.2 
ZL pu = 10/1.452 = 6.887 ZL=6.887
Z in pu = 6.887 + j0.10 Sb=30
ZHV input = 145.5(Z in pu) = 1000 + j14.55 
Problem 2: Same as problem 1 but Vsec = 36.4 kV. Compute the minimum and maximum
voltage which can be maintained on the primary side.

Nsec max = 7300

Nsec min = 5300
Vsec = 36.4 kV

Vsec/Nsec max = 36.4x103/7300 = 4.9863 V/T

Vpri/2000 = 4.9863 Vpri min = (2000)(4.9863) = 9.972 kV (min voltage)

Vsec/Nsec min = 36.4x103/5300 = 6.86792 V/T

Vpri/2000 = 6.86792 Vpri max = (2000)(6.86792) = 13.735 kV (max voltage)

So by changing the tap the voltage can be controlled between 9.972 and 13.735 kV.