d R O S A L E M , G LY R A B .

01
DESIGN
OF PILES

S
d DESIGN OF PILES

Pile Materials
Point Bearing and Friction Piles
Installation of Piles
02 Pile Driving

Table of Load Transfer Mechanism

Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity

Contents
Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating Qp
Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
Coyle and Castello’s Method
for Estimating Qp in Sand
Presentation Outline
Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT
and CPT Results in Granular Soil 473
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand 474
Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay 480
d DESIGN OF PILES

03 Piles

Piles are structural members made of steel,

concrete, or timber. They are deep
foundations where the depth (or length) is
significantly larger than the width.
d DESIGN OF PILES

Recommendation for Pile

Deep foundations require special IN WEAK GROUND CONDITIONS
When the soil conditions near the surface are poor,
equipment and skill thus it is only
shallow foundations will not be able to carry the
considered in certain situations building loads, and deep foundations are required.
wherein shallow foundations prove to
06 be inadequate FOR CARRYING LATERAL LOADS
Sometimes these piles are installed at an
angle to the vertical to resist the lateral load and are
known as batter piles.

IN EXPANSIVE OR COLLAPSIBLE SOIL

Collapsible soil such as loess become weaker when
saturated and undergo large settlements. Here, too, piles
can be driven beyond the depths where such problematic
soil are present.
d DESIGN OF PILES

FOR RESISTING UPLIFT

Piles can be very effective for such situations such as
the bottoms of the piles are enlarged to provide
anchorage against uplift. Such piles are known as
Brand performance online
06 “belled” or “underreamed” piles.

FOR BRIDGE ABUTMENTS

Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed
over pile foundations to avoid the loss of bearing
capacity that a shallow foundation may suffer
Brand performance offline because of soil erosion at the ground level

AS COMPACTION PILES
The lengths of compaction piles depend on
the relative density of the soil before and after the
compaction and the required depth of compaction.
These piles are generally short; however, some field
tests are necessary to determine a reasonable length.
d S O C I A L M E D I A R E P O RT

The design and analysis of

11
pile foundations may thus be
considered somewhat of an art
as a result of the uncertainties
involved?
d DESIGN OF PILES

STEEL PILES
Steel piles generally are
either pipe piles or
04 Pile rolled steel H-section
piles that are installed
Materials by driving.

Different types of piles that are used in

practice depending on
• type of load to be carried
• soil conditions
• location of the water table
• installation technique
d
STEEL PIPES

10

Pipe Piles Wide-flange and I-section H-section piles

can be driven into the ground with steel beams are usually preferred because their
their ends open or closed can also be used as piles although web and flange thicknesses are
the web thicknesses are smaller than equal
the thicknesses of the flange
d

12

In many cases, the pipe piles are filled with

concrete after they have been driven and they become composite piles.
d
GENERAL FACTS

Usual length: 15 m to 60 m (50

ft to 200 ft) DISADVANTAGES
20 ADVANTAGES
Usual load: 300 kN to 1200 kN • Subject to corrosion
• Can penetrate hard layers such as
(67 kip to 265 kip)
dense gravel and soft rock
• High load-carrying capacity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Easy to handle with respect to • H-piles may be damaged or
cutoff and extension to the desired DISADVANTAGES deflected from the vertical
length through splicing during driving through
• Can penetrate hard layers such as
• Can stand high driving stresses hard layers or past major
dense gravel and soft rock
• High load-carrying capacity obstructions
d DESIGN OF PILES

Pile CONCRETE PILES

Concrete piles may be

04
Materials divided into two basic
categories:
Precast piles can be prepared by
using ordinary reinforcement, and (a) precast piles and
they can be square or octagonal in (b) cast-in-situ piles.
cross section
d
GENERAL FACTS

Usual length: 10 m to 15 m (30

ft to 50 ft)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
20 • Can be easily
Usual load: 300 kN to 3000 kN • Difficult to transport
(67 kip to 675 kip) combined with a
concrete
superstructure

ADVANTAGES
• Can be subjected to
• hard driving DISADVANTAGES
• Corrosion resistant • Difficult to achieve
proper cutoff
d DESIGN OF PILES

Precast The ultimate strength of these

cables is about 1800 MN/m2 or

18
Prestressed 260 ksi

Piles
During casting of the piles, the
cables are pretensioned to about
900 to 1300 MN/m2 or 130 to
Precast piles can also be prestressed 190 ksi, and concrete is poured
by the use of high-strength steel around them
prestressing cables

Usual length: 10 m to 45 m (30 ft to 150 ft) After curing, the cables are
Maximum length: 60 m (200 ft) cut, producing a compressive
Maximum load: 7500 kN to 8500 kN (1700 kip
force on the pile section.
to 1900 kip)
d DESIGN OF PILES

Cased Piles
Cast-in-place Cased piles are made by driving a steel
casing into the ground with the help of a

18 Piles mandrel placed inside the casing. When the

pile reaches the proper depth, the mandrel is
withdrawn and the casing is filled with
Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place, piles are built
concrete.
by making a hole in the ground
The pedestal is an expanded concrete bulb
and then filling it with concrete.
that is formed by dropping a hammer on
These piles may be divided into two fresh concrete. For a cased or uncased cast-
broad categories: (a) cased and (b) in-place pile, a reinforcement cage is
uncased. Both types may have a generally provided for the upper part
pedestal at the bottom
d
GENERAL FACTS
Usual length: 5 m to 15 m (15
ft to 50 ft) ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Maximum length: 30 m to 40 • Relatively cheap
20
m (100 ft to 130 ft) Thin casings may be
• Allow for inspection
Usual load: 200 kN to 500 kN damaged during driving
before pouring
(45 kip to 115 kip)
concrete
• Easy to extend

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Approximate maximum
load: 800 kN (180 kip) • Difficult to splice after
concreting
d

12

Presentations are communication tools that can be used as

demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more. It is mostly
presented before an audience.
d DESIGN OF PILES

Uncased Piles Advantages:

a. Initially economical
b. Can be finished at any elevation
18

The uncased piles are made by first driving the Disadvantages:

casing to the desired depth and then filling it a. Voids may be created if concrete is placed
with fresh concrete. The casing is then rapidly
gradually withdrawn b. Difficult to splice after concreting
Usual length: 5 m to 15 m (15 ft to 50 ft)
c. In soft soil, the sides of the hole may cave
Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m (100 ft to 130 ft) in, squeezing the concrete
Usual load: 300 kN to 500 kN (67 kip to 115 kip)
Approximate maximum load: 700 kN (160 kip)
d DESIGN OF PILES

Uncased Piles Advantages:

a. Initially economical
b. Can be finished at any elevation
18

The uncased piles are made by first driving the Disadvantages:

casing to the desired depth and then filling it a. Voids may be created if concrete is placed
with fresh concrete. The casing is then rapidly
gradually withdrawn b. Difficult to splice after concreting
Usual length: 5 m to 15 m (15 ft to 50 ft)
c. In soft soil, the sides of the hole may cave
Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m (100 ft to 130 ft) in, squeezing the concrete
Usual load: 300 kN to 500 kN (67 kip to 115 kip)
Approximate maximum load: 700 kN (160 kip)
d DESIGN OF PILES
The American Society of Civil Engineers’
Manual of Practice, No. 17 (1959), divided
timber piles into three classes:
Timber • Class A piles carry heavy loads. The

18 Piles minimum diameter of the butt should be

356 mm (14 in.)
Timber piles are tree trunks that have had their • Class B piles are used to carry medium
branches and bark carefully trimmed loads. The minimum butt diameter should
off. The maximum length of most timber piles be 305 to 330 mm (12 to 13 in.).
is 10 to 20 m (30 to 65 ft). To qualify • Class C piles are used in temporary
for use as a pile, the timber should be straight, construction work. They can be used
sound, and without any defects. permanently for structures when the entire
pile is below the water table. The
In any case, a pile tip should not have a minimum butt diameter should be 305 mm
diameter less than 150 mm (6 in.). (12 in.)
d DESIGN OF PILES

Splicing of
15
Timber Piles

Splicing of timber piles:

(a) use of pipe sleeves;
(b) use of metal straps and bolts
d DESIGN OF PILES

Steel-and-concrete piles
Composite It consist ofa lower portion of steel and an upper portion of
case-in-place concrete. This type of pile is used when the
19
Piles length of the pile required for adequate bearing exceeds the
capacity of simple cast-in-place concrete piles.

The upper and lower portions of Timber-and-concrete piles

composite piles are made of
It usually consist of a lower portion of timber pile below the
different materials. permanent water table and an upper portion of concrete. in
any case, forming proper joints between two dissimilar
materials is difficult, and for that reason, composite piles are
not widely used.

Nowadays, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite

piles are widely used for waterfront structures.
d DESIGN OF PILES

Continuous
19
Flight Auger
(CFA) Piles
d DESIGN OF PILES

Point Bearing Piles

Point Bearing In situations where the soil near the ground surface is
weak and cannot support shallow

and Friction
foundations, pile foundations can be used. Especially
when there is bedrock or a
16 stiff stratum (e.g., stiff clay or dense sand) located at

Piles relatively shallow depths, it is

possible to drive the piles through the weak soil and
transfer the load to the underlying
stiff stratum, as shown in Figure 12.8a.

Friction Piles
When there is no stiff stratum within reasonable depth, point
bearing piles can become
expensive. Here it is necessary to rely on the shaft
resistance, which comes
from skin friction or adhesion.
d DESIGN OF PILES

Equations for
16
Estimating MEYERHOF'S METHOD
Pile Capacity VESIC'S METHOD
THE METHOD OF COYLE AND
CASTELLO
d DESIGN OF PILES

Equations for
16
Estimating MEYERHOF'S METHOD (1976)
Pile Capacity VESIC'S METHOD (1977)
THE METHOD OF COYLE AND
CASTELLO (1981)
EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATING PILE CAPACITY
The ultimate load-carrying capacity Qu of a pile is given
by the equation POINT BEARING CAPACITY, Qp
 
𝑄 𝑈 =𝑄 𝑝 +𝑄 𝑠 Terzaghi’s equation of Shallow square foundations
′
Where
𝑄 𝑈 =1.3 𝑐 𝑁 𝐶 +𝑞𝑁 𝑞 +0.4  B 𝑁 
 

Qp = load-carrying capacity of the pile point

Qs = frictional resistance (skin friction) derived Terzaghi’s equation of Shallow circular foundations
′
from the soil–pile interface 𝑄 𝑈 =1.3 𝑐 𝑁 𝐶 +𝑞𝑁 𝑞 +0.3  B 𝑁 
 
 ′
𝑄 𝑈 =1.3 𝑐 𝑁 𝐶 +𝑞𝑁 𝑞 +0.3  B 𝑁 
 

Since the width D of a pile is relative small,

the term may be dropped

′
𝑄 𝑈 =𝑄 𝑝 =1.3 𝑐 𝑁 𝐶 +𝑞𝑁 𝑞+ 0.3 B 𝑁 
 

 
)
 
𝑄 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝
Where
 

= area of the pile tip

c’= cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
qp = unit point resistance or ultimate bearing
capacity of the pile point
q’= effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE, Qs
Allowable Load, Qall
 

𝑄𝑠=∑ 𝑝Δ𝐿𝑓  
𝑄 𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝑄𝑢
𝐹𝑆
Where Where
p= perimeter of the pile section Qall= allowable load-carrying capacity for each pile
ΔL = incremental pile length over which p and f are FS = factor of safety
taken to be constant
f= unit friction resistance at any depth z
The factor of safety generally used ranges from 2 to 3,
depending on the uncertainties surrounding the
calculation of ultimate load
MEYERHOF’S METHOD FOR ESTIMATING Qp

SAN ′
The point bearing capacity, qp , of a pile in sand generally
 
𝑄 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑁 𝑞
D with the depth of embedment in the bearing stratum and
increases
reaches a maximum value at an embedment Nq is a variation of soil friction angle
ratio of
  𝐿𝑏 𝐿𝑏
𝐷
=( )
𝐷 𝑐𝑟
LIMITING POINT RESISTANCE
′
 
𝑄 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑁 𝑞 ≤ 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑡
In a homogeneous soil, Lb is equal to the actual embedment
length of the pile, L Where
 

Where
 

Pa= atmospheric pressure (100 kn/m2 or 2000 lb/ft2)

’ = effective soil friction angle of the bearing stratum
CLA
Y
For piles in saturated clays under undrained
conditions (=0), the net ultimate load

 
9

Where Cu= undrained cohesion of the soil below

the tip of the pile
VESIC’S METHOD FOR
ESTIMATING Qp
SAN
D
Vesic (1977) proposed a method for estimating
the pile point bearing capacity based
on the theory of expansion of cavities.
According to this theory, on the basis of
effective stress parameters, we may write
COYLE AND CASTELLO’S METHOD FOR
ESTIMATING Qp IN SAND

Coyle and Castello (1981) analyzed 24

large-scale field load tests of driven piles in
sand. On the basis of the test results, they
suggested that, in sand,
′
 
𝑄 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑁 𝑞

Where
q’ = effective vertical stress at the pile tip
Nq= bearing capacity factor
CORRELATIONS FOR CALCULATION Qp WITH
SPT AND CPT RESULTS IN GRANULAR SOIL

MEYERHOF(1976) Briaud et.al (1985)

0.36
𝑞 𝑝=19.7 𝑃 𝑎 ( 𝑁 60 )
 

 
𝐿
𝑞 𝑝=0.4 𝑃𝑎 𝑁 60 ≤ 4 𝑃𝑎 𝑁 60
𝐷
Meyerhof (1956)
where
N60 = the average value of the standard
 
𝑞 𝑝=𝑞𝑐
penetration number near the pile point
(about 10D above to 4D below the pile where
point) qc= cone penetration resistance
Pa = atmospheric pressure (100 kN/m2 or
2000 lb/ft2)
 lMETHOD
FRICTIONAL(SKIN This is a total stress method, proposed by Vijayvergiya
and Focht (1972), and is based on the assumption that the
) RESISTANCE IN displacement of soil caused by pile driving results in a
CLAY passive lateral pressure at any depth and that the average
unit skin resistance is
Estimating the frictional (or
skin) resistance of piles in clay
is as difficult a task as
estimating that in sand due to
the presence of several
variables that cannot easily be
quantified.
aMETHOD
This is a total stress
method where the
unit skin resistance

Where
a an empirical adhesion factor that
lies in the range of 0–1
Cu undrained shear strength
DESIGN
OF PILES
MEYERHOF (1956)
MEYERHOF
40
 

′
 
𝑄 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑁 𝑞 ≤ 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝑡