Fluid Dynamics

UNIT - IV
Flow in Food Fluids
• What is flow?

• What is a fluid?
• Types of fluid

• What is flow in fluids?

• Types of fluid flow

• Food fluid flow

 What is flow?
• Flow is defined as the quantity of fluid (gas, liquid or vapour) that
passes a point per unit time. A simple equation to represent this is

Flow (F) = Quantity (Q)

Time ( t)

• Flow can also be written as ∆Q i.e., rate of change of mass or volume

with respect to time.
What is fluid?
• The scientific fluid definition is very simple to understand. Fluid’s
meaning refers to a substance that does not have a definite shape and
yields easily to external pressure. It can be a liquid or a gas. We say
that a fluid can flow easily. The picture depicts the difference of flow
property of various substance.
Types of fluids
I. Ideal Fluid
II. Ideal plastic Fluid
III. Real Fluid
IV. Newtonian Fluid
V. Non-Newtonian Fluid
VI. Incompressible Fluid
VII.Compressible Fluid
Definitions
• Shear stress : force tending to cause deformation of a material by
slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. Thus
resulting in downslope of substances
• Shear rate : the rate of change in velocity at which one layer of fluid
passes over an adjacent layer
• The Ratio of Shear rate and the Shear Stress is called the viscosity of
fluid.
• Shear strain : Shear strain is the ratio of displacement to an object’s
original dimensions due to stress, and is the amount of deformation
perpendicular to a given line rather than parallel to it.
I. Ideal fluid
• An ideal fluid is a fluid that is incompressible and no internal
resistance to flow (zero viscosity). In addition ideal fluid particles
undergo no rotation about their center of mass (irrotational). An ideal
fluid can flow in a circular pattern, but the individual fluid particles
are irrotational. Real fluids exhibit all of these properties to some
degree, but we shall often model fluids as ideal in order to
approximate the behavior of real fluids. When we do so, one must be
extremely cautious in applying results associated with ideal fluids to
non-ideal fluids.
II. Ideal Plastic fluids

•  A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value
and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (velocity
gradient) is known as ideal plastic fluid.
III. Real fluids
•  Fluid that have viscosity(μ > 0) and their motion known as
viscous flow. The fluids we use and see in our daily life comes under
the real fluid.
• Examples:
• Water.
• Air.
• Blood.
• Mercury.
• Honey.
• Gasoline.
• Any other gas or liquid.
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. The
shear stress between the two adjacent layers of the fluid is directly
proportional to the negative value of the velocity gradient between the
same two adjacent layers of the fluid.

τyx=−μ(dVx/dy)

Where,
τ – Shear stress
Subscript yx – area where shear stress acts, an area perpendicular to the
y-axis and at distance y from the origin.
 The negative sign expresses the fact that the shear stress is applied
from a region of higher velocity to a lower one
μ – Dynamic Viscosity (Unit - N.s.m-2.)
dVx/dy – Rate of Shear Deformation.
here the subscript x denotes the direction of velocity in the graph.
IV. Newtonian fluids

• A Newtonian fluid is defined as one with constant viscosity, with

zero shear rate at zero shear stress, that is, the shear rate is directly
proportional to the shear stress. The relationship between
the viscosity and shear stress of these fluids is linear.
• Examples:
• Alcohol
• Motor oil
• Gasoline
• Water
V. Non-Newtonian Fluids
• The fluid whose viscosity changes when shear stress is applied is known
as the Non-Newtonian fluids. These fluids are the opposite of Newtonian
fluids.
• Examples:
• Toothpaste
• Ketchup
• Cosmetics
• Paint
• Further there are four types of Non – Newtonian Fluids explained as
follows.
Types of Non – Newtonian Fluids
• Dilatant: The viscosity of these fluids increases when shear stress is applied.
Quicksand, cornflour with water, and putty are examples of dilatant fluids.
• Pseudo plastic: The viscosity of these fluids decreases when shear stress is
applied. These fluids are the opposite of dilatant fluids. Ketchup is an
example of pseudo plastic.
• Rheopectic: The viscosity of these fluids increases when shear stress is
applied along with time. They are similar to dilatant fluids, however, these
fluids are time-dependent. Cream and gypsum paste are examples of
Rheopectic fluids.
• Thixotropic: The viscosity of these fluids decreases when shear stress is
applied along with time. Cosmetics and paint are examples of thixotropic
fluids.
VI. Incompressible Fluid
• When the density of the fluid doesn’t change with the application of
external force, it is known as an incompressible fluid.
• This implies that the density of the fluid is constant throughout the
flow process.
• Example : Water
VII. Compressible Fluids.
• When the density of the fluid changes with the application of external
force, it is known as compressible fluid.
• For gasses, changes in density are accompanied by changes in
temperature, and this complicates considerably the analysis of
compressible flow.
• Gas, Vapor and steam are some common compressible fluids.
• An important compressible fluid is MERCURY.
Tabulation
Types of fluid Density  Viscosity 

Ideal fluid Constant  Zero 

Real fluid Variable  Non-zero

Newtonian fluid Constant/ Variable T=u(dudy)

Non-Newtonian fluid Constant/ Variable T≠u(dudy)

Incompressible fluid Constant  Non-zero/ zero

Compressible fluid Variable  Non-zero/ zero

What is Flow in Fluids
• Fluid flow is generally the motion of a fluid that is subjected to different
unbalanced forces. It is mainly a part of fluid mechanics and fluid flow
generally deals with the dynamics of the fluid. The motion of the fluid
continues till different unbalanced forces are applied to the fluid.
• For example, if you are pouring a water bottle
by mug then the flow or the velocity of the
water is very high over the lip of the mug
and very low at the bottom half of the mug.
Here the unbalanced force is gravity and the
flow of water continues till the mug is tilted and
the water is available in the mug.
Types of fluid flows

I. Steady and Unsteady

II. Uniform and Non-Uniform
III. Laminar and Turbulent
IV. Compressible and In-compressible
V. Rotational and Ir-rotational
VI. One, Two, and Three -dimensional Fluid Flow
I. Steady and Unsteady flow
• The steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid
characteristics like velocity, density, pressure, etc. at a point do not
change with the time.

• The Unsteady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid

characteristics like velocity, density, pressure, etc. at a point change
respected to time.
II. Uniform and Non Uniform flow
• The uniform fluid flow is defined as the type of flow in which the
velocity at any given time does not change with respect to space (i.e
length of direction of the flow).

• The non-uniform fluid flow is defined as the type of flow in which

the velocity at any given time changes with respect to space (i.e length
of the direction of the flow).
III. Laminar and Turbulent flow
•  The laminar fluid flow is defined as the type of flow in which the
fluid particles move along well-defined paths or streamline and all the
streamlines are straight and parallel.
• Thus the particles move in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer. This type of fluid is also called as streamline flow or
viscous flow.
• The Turbulent fluid flow is defined as the type of flow in which the
fluid particles move in a zig-zag way, the eddies formation takes place
which is responsible for high energy loss.
• For pipe flow, The type of flow is determined by a non-dimensional
number [(VD) / (ν) no.] called the Reynolds number.
• D = Diameter of pipe
• V = Mean velocity flow in a pipe
• ν = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid.

• Keys:

• If the Reynold Number is less than 2000, the flow is called Laminar
flow.
• Reynold Number is more than 4000, the flow is called Turbulent flow.
• If the Reynold Number is lies between 2000-4000, the flow may be
laminar or turbulent.
IV. Compressible and In-
compressible
• Compressible fluid flow is defined as the flow in which the density is not
constant which means the density of the fluid changes from point to point.
• ρ ≠ constant

• Incompressible fluid flow is defined as the flow in which the density is

constant which means the density of the fluid does not change from point to
point.
• ρ = constant
• Generally Gases are compressible fluid flow but whereas the liquid is
incompressible fluid flow.
V. Rotational and Ir-rotational
• The rotational fluid flow is defined as the type of fluid flow in which
the fluid particles while flowing along streamline and also rotate about
there own axis.
•  If the angle between the two intersecting lines of the boundary of the
fluid element changes while moving in the flow, then the flow is a
Rotational Flow.
• The Ir-rotational fluid flow is defined as the type of fluid flow in
which the fluid particles while flowing along streamline and do not
rotate about there own axis.
•  If the fluid element rotates as a whole and there is no change in angles
between the boundary lines then the flow cannot be Rotational Flow,
so it is Irrotational Flow.
Rotational Fluid flow Irrotational Fluid flow
VI. One, Two & Three- dimensional
Fluid Flow
• One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter
such as velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only, say
x.
• u=f(x), v=0 and w=0
(Where u, v and w are velocity component in x, y and z directions respectively)
• Two-dimensional fluid flow is the type of flow in which velocity is a
function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinate say x, y.
• u= f1( x, y,), v= f2( x, y,) and w= 0.
• Three-dimensional fluid flow is the type of flow in which velocity is a
function of time and three mutually perpendicular directions. The
function of 3 space coordinates ( x, y, z).
• u= f1( x, y, z), v= f2( x, y, z) and w= f3( x, y, z).
Food Fluid Flow
• Many raw materials for foods and many finished foods are in the form
of fluids.
• These fluids have to be transported and processed in the factory.
• These transportation occurs via pipes and tubes.
• On transportation, the fluid can be of any type or the flow may occur
via any of the explained methods
• We as Food technologists must be familiar with the principles that
govern the flow of fluids.
Fundamental Principles of Fluid
Flow
I. Continuity Principle / Conservation of Mass
II. Bernoulli's Principle
III. Archimedes Principle
IV. Momentum Principle / Conservation of Momentum
I. Continuity Principle /
Conservation of Mass
• The fluid flowing into a defined volume in a defined time in a pipe
should be equal to that of the fluid that flows out from the same pipe
• If there any difference in volume found, then the fluid is said to be
depleted in any way on the flow resulting in failure of following the
principle of conservation of mass.
II. Bernoulli's Principle
•  The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the
gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated
with the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion,
remains constant.
• Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, Kinetic
energy, and gravitational potential energy of a fluid in a container. This
can also be considered of energy due to the balance in kinetic energy.
• p +  ρv2 + ρgh = constant
• Where,
• p is the pressure exerted by the fluid
• v is the velocity of the fluid
• ρ is the density of the fluid
• h is the height of the container
III. Archimedes Principle
• The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a
fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of
the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at
the center of mass of the displaced fluid.
• Fb = -ρgV
• Where
• Fb is the buoyant force acting on the object
• ρ is the density of fluid
• g is the acceleration due to gravity
• V is volume submerged
• The negative sign indicates that the buoyant force acts upwards
VI. Momentum Principle /
Conservation of Momentum
• The law of conservation of momentum or principle of momentum
conservation states that the momentum of an isolated system is
a constant. The vector sum of the momenta (momentum is equal to
the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity) of all the objects of a
system cannot be changed by interactions within the system.
• In fluid dynamics, the analysis of motion is performed in the same
way as in solid mechanics – by use of Newton’s laws of motion.

• ∑ṁin = ∑ṁout
Velocity and Flow Rates

I. Flow Rate
II. Velocity
III. Velocity & Flow Rate relation
I. Flow Rate
• Flow rate Q is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some
location through an area during a period of time, In symbols, this
can be written as
• Q=V/t
• Where
• V – Volume
• t – time period
• Flow rate is the volume of fluid per unit time flowing past a point
through the area A. Here the shaded cylinder of fluid flows past point
P in a uniform pipe in time t.
 II. Velocity in fluids
• Velocity is the most straightforward term, as it is the average speed of
a fluid flowing through the pipe.
• Unit is typically in m/s or ft./s.
_
• Formula : v=d/t
• Where,
_
• v – velocity
• d – distance in (m or ft.)
• t – time(s)

_
Relation between flow rate and
velocity
• The formula for velocity of fluid along a uniform pipe goes like
_
v = d/t ----------------(1)
• Similarly V i.e., volume is the product of cross sectional area of the pipe
and the distance covered thus,
V=Ad ------------------(2)
(where A is CS area & d is the distance)
• On comparing (1) & (2) we can conclude
Q=Ad/t
_
=Av
Velocity
• The alternative formula for the velocity of fluid via pipe in terms of
flow rate can be expressed in as
• v = 0.408 × Q/D2 (when the distance is calculated in feet)( unit:
ft. /sec).
• v = 21.22 × Q/D2 (when the distance is calculated in meter)(unit :
m /sec)
• Here the constants 0.408 & 21.22 is the multiplication constant
used to denote the gallons.
Problem 1: Compute the flow rate of fluid if it is moving
with the velocity of 20 m/s through a tube of diameter
0.03 m.
•SOLUTION
 
Velocity of fluid flow v =20m/s
Diameter of pipe d=0.03m
Area of cross-section of the pipe, A = d2
A={(3.14)/4}(0.03)(0.03)
A =(0.785)(0.0009)
A=0.000706m2
Flow rate is given by Q = vA=(20)(0.000706)
Q =0.014139m3 / s
Reynolds Experiment
•  We know that for determining the type of flow we use to calculate
the Reynolds number and on the basis of Reynolds number we decide
the flow type. 
• Value for Reynolds number might be calculated with the help of
following formula 
Re = 
• Where, 
• V = Flow velocity of the Hydraulic fluid i.e. liquid (m/s) 
• D = Diameter of pipe (m) 
• μ = viscosity (poise) 
• Osborne Reynold had explained this concept with an experiment.
Reynold had concluded that transition from laminar flow to turbulent
flow in a pipe depends not only on the velocity but also it depends on
the diameter of the pipe and viscosity of the fluid flowing through the
pipe. 
Apparatus for Reynolds experiment are as mentioned here 
• A tank containing water at constant head 
• A small tank containing some dye 
• A glass tube with bell-mouthed entrance at one end and a regulating valve at
other end 
Procedure
1. Allow water to pass through the glass tube from the water tank. Regulating
valve is provided here to vary the velocity of water flowing through the
glass tube.
2. Introduce a liquid dye, of having same specific weight as of water, in to the
glass tube as displayed here in following figure.
• Three observations were made from the experiment made by O.
Reynolds.
Observation I (a)
• When velocity of water flow is low, dye filament will be in the form of
straight line in the glass tube. It could be seen in the glass tube that
dye filament is in the form of straight line and parallel to the wall of
glass tube.
• Above condition is the example of laminar fluid flow. Therefore at
lower velocity of water flow through the glass tube, the type of water
flow will be laminar. 
Observation II (b)
• Now velocity of flow is increased with the help of regulating valve.
Dye filament will not be in the form of straight line in the glass tube. It
could be seen in the glass tube that dye filament is in the form of wavy
one 
• Above condition is the example of transition of fluid flow. Therefore
when velocity of water flow through the glass tube is increased, the
type of water flow will be transition flow. Transition flow means the
flow between laminar flow and turbulent flow.
Observation III(c)
• Now velocity of flow is increased again with the help of regulating
valve. Wavy dye filament will be broken and finally diffused in the
water.
• It could be seen in the glass tube that particles of dye filament liquid
are moving in random and irregular fashion at this higher velocity of
water flow. Mixing of particles of water and dye filament is intense
and water flow will be random, irregular and disorderly. 
• Above condition is the example of turbulent fluid flow. Therefore
when velocity of water flow will be higher, the type of water flow will
be turbulent flow. 
Derivation
•  Reynolds number = Re

• Re =
  𝑉
ρ  V   
• Re = 𝐿
𝑉
μ
𝐿2

• Re =  = ( where – kinematic viscosity = )

• Reynolds number is a dimension less number

Thank You