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Building Science - Ii: Tutorial 1: Passive Design Buildings

This document provides information about the passive cooling system used in the Eastgate Centre building in Harare, Zimbabwe. The building uses biomimicry principles inspired by termite mounds and cacti found in Zimbabwe to naturally ventilate and cool the building without mechanical air conditioning. Some key passive cooling features include solar chimneys, shading, high thermal mass concrete floors, and a fractal building design that increases surface area like a cactus to dissipate heat. As a result, the Eastgate Centre uses 35% less total energy than comparable buildings with HVAC in Harare.

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136 views

Building Science - Ii: Tutorial 1: Passive Design Buildings

This document provides information about the passive cooling system used in the Eastgate Centre building in Harare, Zimbabwe. The building uses biomimicry principles inspired by termite mounds and cacti found in Zimbabwe to naturally ventilate and cool the building without mechanical air conditioning. Some key passive cooling features include solar chimneys, shading, high thermal mass concrete floors, and a fractal building design that increases surface area like a cactus to dissipate heat. As a result, the Eastgate Centre uses 35% less total energy than comparable buildings with HVAC in Harare.

Uploaded by

cricket review
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BUILDING SCIENCE -II

TUTORIAL 1: PASSIVE DESIGN BUILDINGS

SUBMITTED BY : UTSABI THAPA SUBMITTED TO : AR. ROJANA JOSHI


A17/28
PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEM
THE WORD " PASSIVE" EMPHASISES ON THE CONTROL OF THE FLOW OF THERMAL ENERGY BY
NATURAL MEANS.I.E. CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF: PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING SYSTEM:
I) DIRECT GAIN METHOD I) SHADING
II) INDIRECT GAIN METHOD II) PAINTS
-THERMAL STORAGE WALL III) EVAPORATIVE COOLING
-TROMBE WALL IV) RADIOACTIVE COOLING
-TRANSWALL V) NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
-SOLAR CHIMNEY
-SUN SPACE
ROOF RADIATION TRAP SYSTEM
III) ISOLATED GAIN CONCEPT
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING
I.EARTH SHELTERED OR EARTH BERMED STRUCTURES
II.EARTH AIR TUNNEL
III.SUN SPACE
IV.SOLAR CHIMNEY
V.ROOF POND
VI.ROOF RADIATION TRAP SYSTEM
VII.VARY THERM WALL
PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM
PASSIVE COOLING IS A BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH THAT FOCUSES ON
HEAT GAIN CONTROL AND HEAT DISSIPATION IN A BUILDING IN ORDER TO
IMPROVE THE INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT WITH LOW OR NO ENERGY
CONSUMPTION.

DIFFERENT TYPE OF METHODS IN PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM


ARE:-
I) SHADING
II) PAINTS
III) EVAPORATIVE COOLING
IV) RADIOACTIVE COOLING
V) NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
V) NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
NATURAL VENTILATION, ALSO CALLED PASSIVE
VENTILATION, USES NATURAL OUTSIDE AIR MOVEMENT
AND PRESSURE DIFFERENCES TO BOTH PASSIVELY
COOL AND VENTILATE A BUILDING. NATURAL
VENTILATION CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE
ENERGY LOAD OF A BUILDING, AS IT CAN PROVIDE AND
MOVE FRESH AIR WITHOUT THE USE OF ELECTRIC
FANS. IN WARM CLIMATES, IT CAN HELP MEET A
BUILDING'S COOLING NEEDS WITHOUT USING
MECHANICAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS.

INTEGRATED CONCEPTS THAT USE WIND CURRENTS


FOR NATURAL CROSS-VENTILATION OR AIRFLOWS
CAUSED BY THERMAL BUOYANCY CAN PROVIDE A
SUFFICIENTLY HIGH AIR CHANGE RATE TO ENSURE
ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF HYGIENE AND COMFORT
WITHOUT (OR WITH LOW) CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC
POWER.
PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM
NATURAL VENTILATION
THE EASTGATE BUILDING ,ZIMBABWE

ARCHITECT:MICK PEARCE , PEARCE PARTNERSHIP


LOCATION: HARARE, ZIMBABWE
YEAR OF COMPLETION: 1996
COST: $35 MILLION
AREA: 290,625 SF - OFFICE SPACE
53,819 SF - RETAIL
3,229 SF - PARKING
BUILDING TYPE: MIXED-USE INCLUDING RETAIL,
FOOD COURT, AND SEVEN FLOORS OF OFFICE SPACE
CLIMATE: SUBTROPICAL HIGHLAND CLIMATE
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE: 64.4° F
DIURNAL TEMPERATURE SHIFT: 12° F
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL: 32.5 INCH
THE EASTGATE CENTRE IN HARARE,
ZIMBABWE, TYPIFIES THE BEST OF GREEN
ARCHITECTURE AND ECOLOGICALLY
SENSITIVE ADAPTATION. THE COUNTRY’S
LARGEST OFFICE AND SHOPPING COMPLEX IS
AN ARCHITECTURAL MARVEL IN ITS USE OF
BIOMIMICRY PRINCIPLES. THE MID-RISE
BUILDING, HAS NO CONVENTIONAL AIR-
CONDITIONING OR HEATING, YET STAYS
REGULATED YEAR ROUND WITH
DRAMATICALLY LESS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
USING DESIGN METHODS INSPIRED BY
INDIGENOUS ZIMBABWEAN MASONRY AND
THE SELF-COOLING MOUNDS OF AFRICAN
TERMITES.
BIOMIMICRY
THE TERM ‘BIOMIMICRY’ ORIGINATES FROM THE GREEK WORDS BIOS,
MEANING LIFE AND MIMESIS, MEANING IMITATE. IT REFERS TO IMITATING
NATURAL STRATEGIES (NOT FORMS) TO DEVISE NEW SUSTAINABLE
SOLUTIONS.
BIOMIMICRY IS THE IMITATION OF THE MODELS, SYSTEMS, AND ELEMENTS OF
NATURE FOR THE PURPOSE OF SOLVING COMPLEX HUMAN PROBLEMS;
BIOMIMICRY IN ARCHITECTURE AND MANUFACTURING IS THE PRACTICE OF
DESIGNING BUILDINGS AND PRODUCTS THAT SIMULATE OR CO-OPT PROCESSES
THAT OCCUR IN NATURE

AS FOR IN EASTGATE CENTRE , MICK PEARCE WAS HIGHLY


INSPIRED BY THE SELF-COOLING MOUNDS OF TERMITES IN
ZIMBAWE AND CACTUS (CACTI).

DID YOU KNOW SOLAR PANEL IS ONE OF THE EXAMPLES OF BIOMIMICRY? IT IMMITATES THE PROCESS OF HEAT
ABSORBTION OF LEAVES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
MOUNDS OF TERMITES OF ZIMBAWE (MACROTERMUS SUBHYALIUS)

TERMITES IN ZIMBABWE BUILD GIGANTIC


MOUNDS INSIDE OF WHICH THEY FARM A
FUNGUS THAT IS THEIR PRIMARY FOOD
SOURCE. THE FUNGUS MUST BE KEPT AT
EXACTLY 87 DEGREES F, WHILE THE
TEMPERATURES OUTSIDE RANGE FROM 35
DEGREES F AT NIGHT TO 104 DEGREES F
DURING THE DAY. THE TERMITES ACHIEVE
THIS REMARKABLE FEAT BY CONSTANTLY
OPENING AND CLOSING A SERIES OF
HEATING AND COOLING VENTS
THROUGHOUT THE MOUND OVER THE
COURSE OF THE DAY. WITH A SYSTEM OF
CAREFULLY ADJUSTED CONVECTION
CURRENTS, AIR IS SUCKED IN AT THE
LOWER PART OF THE MOUND, DOWN INTO
ENCLOSURES WITH MUDDY WALLS, AND UP
THROUGH A CHANNEL TO THE PEAK OF
THE TERMITE MOUND.
MACROTERMUS SUBHYALIUS THERMAL BUOYANCY

THE EAST GATE CENTER


THERMAL BUOYANCY VENTILATES A BUILDING BY ALLOWING DENSER, COLD AIR TO LIFT
WARMER AIR UP AND OUT OF THE BUILDING. WHICH IS THE DEFINITE PROCCESS OF
MACROTERMUS SUBHYALIUS AND WHICH IS ADOPTED BY THE EASTGATE CENTRE
ADAPTATION OF BIOMIMICRY
SOLAR CHIMNEYS
SOLAR CHIMNEYS ARE FOUND TO BE USED IN THE
EASTGATE CENTRE .BOTH THE BLOCKS OF THE BUILDING
ARE APPOINTED WITH 24 CHIMNEYS. IT’S THE COMPLETE
TOUCH FOR PERFECT THERMAL BUOYANCY.

FIRST OF ALL COOL AIR ENTERS THE BLOCK FROM THE


SHADED ATRIUM AND WINDOWS , WITH TIME IT GAINS
HEAT AND TENDS TO MOVE UPWARDS AS IT GETS
LIGHTER . AS PER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHIMNEYS
ABSORBS HOT AIR FROM EACH AND EVERY ROOM AND
EXHAUST IT OUT.
LIKE CHIMNEY OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN MAKING
THE EAST GATE A GREAT EXAMPLE OF NATURAL
VENTILATION ( PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM) ARE:-
1. SOLAR PANELS USED AS HOT WATER HEATERS . (GAIN)
2.SHADING – DEEP OVER HANGS PROVIDES SHADING IN THE BUILDING.
3. CONCRETE FLOORS – VOIDS COOL INCOMING AIR DAY BY DAY.
4. LOW LEVEL DISPLACEMENT SUPPLY – FRESH AIR ENTERING THE ROOM AS
LOW AS POSSIBLE.
IN THE NEW ORDER MASSIVE PROTRUDING STONE ELEMENTS NOT ONLY PROTECT
THE SMALL WINDOWS FROM THE SUN BUT ALSO INCREASE THE EXTERNAL SURFACE
AREA OF THE BUILDING TO IMPROVE HEAT LOSS TO SPACE AT NIGHT AND MINIMIZE
HEAT GAIN BY DAY.
FRACTAL COOLING – BIOMIMICRY OF CATI
SMOOTH BODIES ARE BETTER AT ABSORBING HEAT AND POOR EMITTERS OF
HEAT TO SPACE AT NIGHT. PRICKLY BODIES ARE POORER ABSORBERS OF
HEAT BY DAY AND GOOD EMITTERS OF HEAT AT NIGHT. THIS FORM ALLOWS
FOR A QUICKER DISPERSAL OF HEAT, A GREAT TECHNIQUE FOR WARMER
CLIMATES.
OTHER TYPICAL FLOOR PLANS
EASTGATE USES 35% LESS TOTAL ENERGY THAN THE AVERAGE CONSUMPTION
OF SIX OTHER CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS WITH FULL HVAC IN HARARE. THE
SAVING ON CAPITAL COST COMPARED WITH FULL HVAC WAS 10% OF TOTAL
BUILDING COST. DURING THE FREQUENT SHUT DOWNS OF MAINS POWER, OR
OF HVAC DUE TO POOR MAINTENANCE IN THE OTHER BUILDINGS, EASTGATE
CONTINUES TO OPERATE WITHIN ACCEPTABLE COMFORT LEVELS WITH ITS
SYSTEM RUNNING BY NATURAL CONVECTION.
THANK YOU !

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