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Adaptive Arrays & Smart Antennas

This presentation gives a detailed explanation about the adaptive arrays and the smart antennas. This is a topic in the course, "Antennas and wave Propagation (UECC015)", under the autonomous regulations of Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore.

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Kavitha A K
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138 views

Adaptive Arrays & Smart Antennas

This presentation gives a detailed explanation about the adaptive arrays and the smart antennas. This is a topic in the course, "Antennas and wave Propagation (UECC015)", under the autonomous regulations of Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore.

Uploaded by

Kavitha A K
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE – 10

(An Autonomous Institution)


(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi – Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ADAPTIVE ARRAYS
&
SMART ANTENNAS
A.K.Kavitha
Assistant Professor (Sr.Gr.)/ECE
Adaptive arrays and Smart antennas
• Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antenna arrays, multiple
antennas and, recently, MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms
used to identify spatial signal signatures such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal,
and use them to calculate beamforming vectors which are used to track and locate the antenna
beam on the mobile/target.
• Smart antennas should not be confused with reconfigurable antennas, which have similar
capabilities but are single element antennas and not antenna arrays.
• Smart antenna techniques are used notably in acoustic signal processing, track and scan radar,
radio astronomy and radio telescopes, and mostly in cellular systems like W-CDMA, UMTS,
and LTE.
• Smart antennas have many functions:
• DOA estimation
• Beamforming
• interference nulling
• constant modulus preservation.
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
• The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, using
techniques such as MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), estimation of signal
parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix
Pencil method or one of their derivatives.
• They involve finding a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and
calculating the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum.
• These calculations are computationally intensive.
• Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and under the
correlated sources
Beamforming
• Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in
sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception.

• This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a


way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference
while others experience destructive interference.

• Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in


order to achieve spatial selectivity.

• The improvement compared with omnidirectional


reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array.
Beamforming
• Thus, beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of
the antenna array by adding constructively the phases of the signals in
the direction of the targets/mobiles desired, and nulling the pattern of
the targets/mobiles that are undesired/interfering targets.
• This can be done with a simple Finite Impulse Response (FIR) tapped
delay line filter.
• The weights of the FIR filter may also be changed adaptively, and used to
provide optimal beamforming, in the sense that it reduces the Minimum
Mean Square Error between the desired and actual beampattern formed.
• Typical algorithms are the steepest descent, and Least Mean Squares
algorithms. Digital antenna arrays with multi channels use the digital
beamforming, usually by DFT or FFT.
Types of smart antennas
• Two of the main types of smart antennas include switched beam smart antennas
and adaptive array smart antennas.
• Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns.
• In Switched beam systems decision is made as to which beam to access, at any
given point in time, based upon the requirements of the system.
• Adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any direction of interest
while simultaneously nulling interfering signals.
• Beam direction can be estimated using the so-called direction-of-arrival (DOA)
estimation methods.
References
• 1. John D Kraus,” Antennas for all Applications”, 3rd Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2005.
• 2. Edward C.Jordan and Keith G.Balmain” Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating
• Systems” Prentice Hall of India, 2006
• 3. R.E.Collin,”Antennas and Radiowave Propagation”, Mc Graw Hill 1985.
• 4. Constantine.A.Balanis “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, Wiley Student
• Edition, 2006.
• 5. Rajeswari Chatterjee, “Antenna Theory and Practice” Revised Second Edition New
• Age International Publishers, 2006.
• 6. S. Drabowitch, “Modern Antennas” Second Edition, Springer Publications, 2007.
• 7. Robert S.Elliott “Antenna Theory and Design” Wiley Student Edition, 2006.
• 8. H.Sizun “Radio Wave Propagation for Telecommunication Applications”, First
• Indian Reprint, Springer Publications, 2007.

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