Basic concepts of

Thermodynamics

Prerequisite for
Internal Combustion Engine

Parth J. Parmar
Dept. of Mechanical & Automobile Engineering
CGPIT, UTU
Objective
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic
concepts to form a sound foundation for the development of
the principles of thermodynamics.
Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gauge pressure.
Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving technique.

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Aircraft Propulsion

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Power Plant

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Internal Combustion Engine (Automobile Industry)

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Evaluation and Improvement in Efficiency

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Applications of Thermodynamics
Renewable Energy

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Temperature: Measure of “hotness” or “coldness”.

Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is

in equilibrium with air saturated with vapor
at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and
water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium at 1
atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).

The Zeroth law of thermodynamics:

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
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PRESSURE
68 kg 136 kg
Pressure: A normal force exerted by
a fluid per unit area

Afeet=300cm2

0.23 kgf/cm2 0.46 kgf/cm2

P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2

The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the feet

of a chubby person is much greater than on
the feet of a slim person.

Some basic
pressure
gages.
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 Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
 Gauge pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gauge
pressure.
 Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

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 Thermodynamics and Energy
 Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.

 Energy: The ability to cause changes.

 The name thermodynamics stems from
the Greek words therme (heat) and
dynamics (power).

 Conservation of energy principle:

During an interaction, energy can
change from one form to another but the
total amount of energy remains
constant.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy neither created nor destroyed, it just transfer from one form to
another. (First law)
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 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy neither created nor destroyed, it just transfer from one form to
another. (First law)
 An expression of the conservation of energy principle.
 The first law asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.

The increase in the energy of a

potato in an oven is equal to the
amount of heat transferred to it.
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 Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic
approach to the study of thermodynamics that
does not require a knowledge of the behavior of
individual particles.
 It provides a direct and easy way to the solution of
engineering problems and it is used in this text.
 Statistical thermodynamics:
 A microscopic approach, based on the average
behavior of large groups of individual particles.

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 Second Law of Thermodynamics
 It asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual
processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.

Processes occur in a A cup of hot coffee

certain direction, and not does not get hotter in
in the reverse direction. a cooler room.

A process must satisfy both

the first and second laws of
thermodynamics to proceed.
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System and Control Volume

 System: A quantity of matter or a

region in space chosen for study.
 Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
 Boundary: The real or imaginary
surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.
 The boundary of a system can be fixed
or movable.
 Systems may be considered to be
closed or open.

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System and Control Volume (cont…)

 Closed system (Control mass): A fixed amount of mass,

and no mass can cross its boundary.

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System and Control Volume (cont…)
 Open system (control volume): A properly
selected region in space.
 It usually encloses a device that involves mass
flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
 Both mass and energy can cross the boundary
of a control volume.
 Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary

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 Properties of a system
 Property: Any characteristic of a system.
 Some familiar properties are pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
 Intensive properties: Those that are
independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
 Extensive properties: Those whose values
depend on the size—or extent—of the
system.
 Specific properties: Extensive properties
per unit mass.

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 State and Equilibrium
 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.
 Equilibrium: A state of balance.
 In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
 Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature is
the same throughout the entire system.
 Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no change
in pressure at any point of the system with time. A closed system reaching thermal
 Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two equilibrium.
phases and when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
 Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical
composition of a system does not change with
time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.

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The State Postulate
 The number of properties required
to fix the state of a system is given
by the state postulate:
 The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.
 Simple compressible system: If a
system involves no electrical,
magnetic, gravitational, motion,
and surface tension effects. The state of nitrogen is fixed by two
independent, intensive properties.

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Process and cycle
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium
state to another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a
process.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process
proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally
close to an equilibrium state at all times.

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 Some common properties that are used as
coordinates are temperature T, pressure P, and
volume V (or specific volume v).
 The prefix iso- is often used to designate a
process for which a particular property remains
constant.
 Isothermal process: A process during which
the temperature T remains constant.
 Isobaric process: A process during which the
pressure P remains constant.
 Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process
during which the specific volume v remains
constant.
 Cycle: A process during which the initial and
final states are identical.

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BCG LAWs
 Boyle’s law: Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and
volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is
held constant.

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BCG LAWs
 Charles law: Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an
experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when
heated.

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BCG LAWs
 GayLussac’s law: The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and
fixed volume, is directly proportional to the gas's absolute
temperature.

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THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
 Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and
specific volume of a substance.
 The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the gas phase
is the ideal-gas equation of state. This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of
a gas quite accurately within some properly selected region.
Ideal gas equation
of state

R: gas constant
M: molar mass (kg/kmol)
Ru: universal gas constant

Different substances have different gas

constants.
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Mass = Molar mass  Mole number Ideal gas equation at two
states for a fixed mass

Real gases behave

as an ideal gas at
Various
low densities (i.e.,
expressions low pressure, high
of ideal gas temperature).
equation

The ideal-gas
relation often is not
applicable to real
gases; thus, care
should be exercised
when using it.

Properties per
unit mole are
denoted with a
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top. 28
Thermal Reservoir

 Bodies with relatively large

thermal masses can be modeled
as thermal energy reservoirs.
A source supplies energy in
the form of heat, and a sink
absorbs it.

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 Heat Engines
The devices that convert heat to
work.
1. They receive heat from a high-
temperature source (solar
energy, oil furnace, nuclear
reactor, etc.).
Work can always be 2. They convert part of this heat to
converted to heat work (usually in the form of a
directly and rotating shaft.)
completely, but the 3. They reject the remaining waste
reverse is not true. heat to a low-temperature sink
(the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
Part of the heat Heat engines and other cyclic
received by a heat devices usually involve a fluid to
engine is converted and from which heat is
to work, while the transferred while undergoing a
rest is rejected to a cycle. This fluid is called the
sink. working fluid.
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Thermal efficiency

Schematic of a
heat engine.

Some heat engines perform better

Even the most
than others (convert more of the
efficient heat
heat they receive to work).
engines reject
almost one-half
of the energy
they receive as
waste heat.

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The Second Law of
Thermodynamics:
Kelvin–Planck Statement
It is impossible for any device
that operates on a cycle to
receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net
amount of work.

No heat engine can have a thermal

efficiency of 100 percent, or as for a power
plant to operate, the working fluid must A heat engine that violates the
exchange heat with the environment as Kelvin–Planck statement of the
well as the furnace. second law.
The impossibility of having a 100%
efficient heat engine is not due to friction
or other dissipative effects. It is a
limitation that applies to both the
idealized and the actual heat engines.
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PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
 Step 1: Problem Statement
 Step 2: Schematic
 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
 Step 4: Physical Laws
 Step 5: Properties
 Step 6: Calculations
 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

EES (Engineering Equation Solver) (Pronounced as ease): EES

is a program that solves systems of linear or nonlinear algebraic or
differential equations numerically. It has a large library of built-in
thermodynamic property functions as well as mathematical
functions. Unlike some software packages, EES does not solve
engineering problems; it only solves the equations supplied by the
user.
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Summary
 Thermodynamics and energy
 Application areas of thermodynamics
 Systems and control volumes
 Properties of a system
 State and equilibrium
 The state postulate
 Processes and cycles
 Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
 Temperature scales
 Pressure
 Variation of pressure with depth
 Problem solving technique
 First law of Thermodynamics
 Second law of Thermodynamics
 The idle gas Equation

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 Believe in yourself…
Be the Kind person, the world will be
Kind to you…!

Thank You…..!

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