SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Coimbatore-35
An Autonomous Institution

Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

19AUB204 – AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

II YEAR / IV SEM

UNIT – 2 STARTING SYSTEM

Topic: Starter Motor Construction and Working

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 CRANKING CIRCUIT

• For any engine to start, it must first be rotated, using an external

power source.
• It is the purpose and function of the cranking circuit to create the
necessary power and transfer it from the battery to the starter motor
that rotates the engine.

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 CRANKING CIRCUIT

Modern cranking circuits include

the following:

1. Starter motor.
2. Battery.
3. Starter solenoid or relay.
4. Starter drive.
5. Ignition switch.

FIGURE 18-1 A typical

solenoid-operated starter.

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 CRANKING CIRCUIT

FIGURE 18-2 Some column-mounted ignition switches act directly on the contact
points, whereas others use a link from the lock cylinder to the ignition switch.

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 CRANKING CIRCUIT
Control Circuit

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 COMPUTER-CONTROLLED STARTING

• The ignition switch start position on the push-to-start button

is used as an input signal to the powertrain control module
(PCM).
• Before the PCM cranks the engine, the following conditions
must be met.
• The brake pedal is depressed.
• The gear selector is in park or neutral.
• The correct key fob (code) is present in the vehicle.

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 COMPUTER-CONTROLLED STARTING

• Computer-controlled starting is
almost always part of the
system if a push button start is
used.

FIGURE 18-4 Instead of an ignition key to

start the engine, some vehicles are using a
start button which is also used to stop the
engine, as shown on this Jaguar.

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 COMPUTER-CONTROLLED STARTING

• This feature allows the heater

or air conditioning system to
start before the driver arrives.

FIGURE 18-5 The top button on this

key fob is the remote start button.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• A starter consists of the main structural support of a starter called

the main field housing, one end of which is called a commutator-end
(or brush-end) housing and the other end a drive-end housing.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• The commutator-end plate

supports the end containing
the starter brushes.
• Through bolts hold the three
components together.

FIGURE 18-6 A typical starter motor.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• The starter uses four brushes—

two brushes to transfer the
current from the field coils to
the armature, and two brushes
to provide the ground return
path for the current that flows
through the armature.

FIGURE 18-7 This series-wound electric motor shows

the basic operation with only two brushes: one hot
brush and one ground brush. The current flows
through both field coils, then through the hot brush and
through the loop winding of the armature before
reaching ground through the ground brush.

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 HOW MAGNETIC FIELDS TURN AN
ARMATURE

• One basic principle of electromagnetism is that a magnetic field

surrounds every conductor carrying a current.
• Inside the starter housing is a strong magnetic field created by the
field coil magnets.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• Inside the starter housing is a strong magnetic field created by

the field coil magnets.

FIGURE 18-8 The interaction

of the magnetic fields of the
armature loops and field coils
creates a stronger magnetic
field on the right side of the
conductor, causing the
armature loop to move toward
the left.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

FIGURE 18-9 The armature loops rotate due to the difference in the
strength of the magnetic field. The loops move from a strong magnetic field
strength toward a weaker magnetic field strength.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• The magnetic field of the

starter motor is provided by
two or more pole shoes and
field windings.
• The pole shoes are made of
iron and are attached to the
frame with large screws.

FIGURE 18-10 Pole shoes and field windings

installed in the housing.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• Paths of magnetic flux lines

within a four-pole motor.

FIGURE 18-11 Magnetic lines of force in

a four-pole motor.

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 HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS

• The field windings are usually

made of a heavy copper ribbon
to increase their current-
carrying capacity and
electromagnetic field strength.

FIGURE 18-12 A pole shoe and field winding.

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 TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS
• Starter motors must provide high power at low starter motor speeds to crank
an automotive engine at all temperatures and at the cranking speed required
for the engine to start (60 to 250 engine RPM).
• Many starter motors are series wound, which means that the current flows first
through the field coils, then in series through the armature, and finally to a ground
through the ground brushes.

FIGURE 18-13 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a

series-wound electric motor. Notice that all current flows through the field coils,
then through the armature (in series) before reaching ground.

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 TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS
Series Motors

• A series motor develops its maximum torque at the initial start (0

RPM) and develops less torque as the speed increases.
• Because the power (torque) of the starter depends on the strength of
the magnetic fields, the torque of the starter decreases as the starter
speed increases.

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 TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS
Shunt Motors

• Shunt-type electric motors have the field coils in parallel (or

shunt) across the armature.

FIGURE 18-14 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a shunt-type

electric motor. Shunt-type electric motors have the field coils in parallel
(or shunt) across the armature as shown.

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 TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS
Compound Motors

• A compound-wound, or compound, motor has the operating characteristics

of a series motor and a shunt-type motor, because some of the field coils
are connected to the armature in series and some (usually only one) are
connected directly to the battery in parallel (shunt) with the armature.

FIGURE 18-15 A compound motor is a combination of series and shunt

types, using part of the field coils connected electrically in series with the
armature and some in parallel (shunt).

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 ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR
ASSEMBLY

• The motor armature has a laminated core.

FIGURE 18-16 A typical starter motor armature.

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 ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR
ASSEMBLY
• Motor armatures are
connected to the commutator
in one of two ways.
• In a lap winding, the two ends
of each conductor are attached
to two adjacent commutator
bars.

FIGURE 18-17 An armature lap winding.

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 ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR
ASSEMBLY
• The armature core, windings,
and commutator are assembled
on a long armature shaft.
• This shaft also carries the
pinion gear that meshes with
the engine flywheel ring gear.

FIGURE 18-18 The pinion gear meshes with

the flywheel ring gear.

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 ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR
ASSEMBLY
• Most automotive starters have two grounded and two insulated
brushes, which are held against the commutator by spring force.

FIGURE 18-19 A cutaway of a typical starter motor.

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 PERMANENT-MAGNET FIELDS

• The permanent-magnet, planetary-drive starter motor is the

first significant advance in starter design in decades.
• This eliminates the motor field circuit, which in turn
eliminates the potential for field wire-to-frame shorts, field
coil welding, and other electrical problems.

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 Thank you

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