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Panoramic X Ray

A panoramic dental X-ray provides an overview of the entire mouth, including teeth, jaws, sinuses and TMJ joints. It allows the dentist to detect issues like cavities, cysts, fractures and tumors. Hard tissues like enamel appear lighter on x-rays while softer materials like tooth pulp or decay appear darker. Fillings and crowns show up as bright areas. Periodontal and dental abscesses appear as black circles or halos. Bone grafts can be used to replace missing bone, and a sinus lift procedure lifts the sinus membrane to place bone grafts and allow for dental implant placement in the posterior maxilla.

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60 views15 pages

Panoramic X Ray

A panoramic dental X-ray provides an overview of the entire mouth, including teeth, jaws, sinuses and TMJ joints. It allows the dentist to detect issues like cavities, cysts, fractures and tumors. Hard tissues like enamel appear lighter on x-rays while softer materials like tooth pulp or decay appear darker. Fillings and crowns show up as bright areas. Periodontal and dental abscesses appear as black circles or halos. Bone grafts can be used to replace missing bone, and a sinus lift procedure lifts the sinus membrane to place bone grafts and allow for dental implant placement in the posterior maxilla.

Uploaded by

mostafa kh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reading panoramic X-ray

Introduction:
A panoramic dental X-ray creates an image of patient’s entire mouth, including the
upper and lower jaws, all the teeth, temporomandibular (TMJ) joints, and even the nasal
area and sinuses. This makes it possible for the dentist to notice any of the following
problems:

 Bone abnormalities

 Fractures

 Cysts

 Impacted teeth

 Infections

 Tumors

A dental professional may also ask patient to take a panoramic dental X-ray to plan
treatments.

Another advantage of this type of X-ray is that it creates a flat representation of the
jaw’s curved structure, making it easy for the dentist to analyze every part.
Natural Tooth :
 A dental x-ray works on the principle that harder more mineralized tissues will block
more of the x-ray radiation. Due to this, hard tissues like the enamel and dentin will
appear light in color. Spaces between teeth and tooth pulp appear dark because they
are non-mineralized.

 One easy way to understand it is the harder something is the lighter it appears. The
softer something is the darker it appears
Dental decay:
Cavities appear as a dark spot in a tooth. Cavities start in the enamel, which shows as the
lightest color in the x-ray. It will travel inwards into the dentin, which is softer than
enamel and appears darker too. Dental x-rays also show cavities between two teeth,
something that would not be visible to the naked eye.

The green arrows are pointing to the bone. The blue arrows are pointing to the healthy enamel. The red arrows are pointing to the pulp, where the
nerve and blood vessels are located for a tooth. The dentin layer is between the enamel and the pulp. The purple arrows are pointing to areas of decay,
which show up as a dark spot on x-rays. Bacteria have attacked the tooth and have dissolved the enamel and entered the dentin. The decay must be
removed before it dissolves the dentin and enters the pulp. If the decay enters the pulp, the tooth will require either a root canal or an extraction
Fillings and Crowns:
Structures that are dense will block most of the light energy from the x-ray. This makes
them appear white in the image. Structures that contain air will be black and teeth,
tissue, and fluid will appear as shades of gray.

Because the fillings and crowns are a dense material, they will show up on an x-ray as
bright areas.
Root canal treatment:
Dental abscesses:
Dental (periapical) abscesses are an acute infection of the periapical tissue around the
root of the tooth.

Dental decay result in damage to the tooth enamel, which allows bacteria access to the
dental pulp. From here the infection spreads down the root canal and out of the apical
foramen where abscess formation occurs

Periodontal abscesses will show up as an almost black circled area or a ‘halo’ around
the tooth on an x-ray. 
Implants , Sinus and Bone loss :
Minimum Length of Dental Implants:

Posterior maxilla

6-8 mm = short implant

8 mm = standard length

Posterior mandible

8-10 mm = short implant

> 10 mm = standard length

Minimum wedth between two implants should be 3 mm and between implant and natural tooth 1.5 mm
Bone loss :
Bone loss in the oral cavity may occur due to many causes, including infection,
systemic or local alterations in the host response, or multifactorial causes.

The pattern of bone loss around individual teeth can be determined only through
examination of radiographs.

Panoramic radiographs provide a general view of the oral structures, and are useful for
screening bone loss patterns in general. They are not suitable for accurate assessment of
the degree of bone loss associated with individual teeth
Bone grafting:
A dental bone graft is a procedure that replaces missing bone in the jaw with bone
grafting material to encourage regeneration. As the natural bone grows, it absorbs the
graft material, resulting in a fully integrated region of new bone. Four types of bone
grafting material exist:

 Autografts use bone tissue obtained from the patient's own body. The practitioner typically takes this
tissue from the patient's chin, shin, or hip.

 Allografts come from a human donor, usually cadaver bone that has undergone treatments to make it
neutral to immune reactions and free of host diseases.

 Xenografts use the inorganic portions of animal bones, and cows are a common source.

 Alloplasts are created from hydroxyapatite, a naturally occurring mineral in bone.

 Ceramic-based grafts are made from ceramics alone or in combination with another material such
as calcium or bioactive glass
The maxillary sinus:
The maxillary sinus is one of the four paranasal sinuses, which are sinuses located near
the nose. The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. The two maxillary
sinuses are located below the cheeks, above the teeth and on the sides of the nose

 Panoramic x-rays are especially effective at showing the maxillary and sinuses. These
sinuses are located around the cheekbones.
Sinus lift:
is a surgical procedure which aims to increase the amount of bone in
the posterior maxilla (upper jaw bone), in the area of the premolar and molar teeth, by
lifting the lower sinus membrane and placing a bone graft

sinus lift is performed when the floor of the sinus is too close to an area where dental
implants are to be placed. This procedure is performed to ensure a secure place for the
implants while protecting the sinus

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