Lesson 1: The Nature and

Process of Communication
Communication
- A two-way process
- Involves a Speaker
imparting ideas,
concepts, and data to
a group of Listeners
(the audience)
 The Elements of Communication
a.Speaker
b.Message
c.Listener
d.Channels
e.Response
f.Feedback
g.“Noise”
h.Communicative Situation
The Elements of Communication

a. Speaker
- chooses his/her
purpose
- crafts the message
- decides how to deliver
it
The Elements of Communication

b. Message
- most important part
of communication
- what needs to be
delivered

*based on why, what, and how

the speaker wants to say it.
The Elements of Communication

c. Listener
- receives and makes sense
of the message
The Elements of Communication

d. Channels
- are the means by
which the message is
sent/receive

*ears, eyes, skin, mouth, and nose

The Elements of Communication

e. Response
- based on the
interpretation of the by
the speaker
The Elements of Communication

f. Feedback
- the result of monitoring by the
speaker of the listener’s response
The Elements of Communication

g. “Noise”
- any barrier to the
communication
The Elements of Communication

g. “Noise”

 Physical Noise
 Physiological Noise
 Psychological Noise
The Elements of Communication

h. Communicative Situation
- has two components
- physical location
- psychological setting
 Models of
Communication
 Models of Communication
 
A.Linear Communication Model
a. Lasswell’s Model
b.Aristotle’s Model
c. Berlo’s SMCR Model

B.Transactional Model
a. Shannon & Weaver Model

C.Interactive Model
a. Schramm’s Model
b.Dance-helical Model
 LINEAR MODEL OF
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION
- communication is considered a one way process
the message signal is encoded and transmitted through
channel in presence of noise
- the sender is more prominent in linear model of
communication.
- applied in mass communication like television, radio, etc.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Different Types Of
Communication Models Based On
Linear Model Of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
a)Aristotle’s Model Of
Communication

Aristotle (384-322 B.C)

Of Communication

- was a Greek philosopher and

writer born in Stagira, Northern
Greece. He was also the teacher
of Alexander the Great. He
studied physics, logic,
mathematics, etc.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
Of Communication
a)Aristotle’s Model Of Communication

- considered as the first model

of communication and was
proposed before 300 B.C.
- most widely accepted among
all communication models.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
a)Aristotle’s Model Of Communication

 is mainly focused on speaker and

Of Communication

speech. It can be broadly divided

into 5 primary elements:
Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
Audience and Effect
 speaker centered model
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
Of Communication
a)Aristotle’s Model Of Communication

 highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a

propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on
intrapersonal or interpersonal communication
 speaker must have a very good non-verbal communication
with the audience like eye contact
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

Elements Of Good Communicator

a. Ethos
Of Communication

 Credibility of the speaker

 characteristic which
makes you credible in
front of the audience
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

Elements Of Good Communicator

b. Pathos
Of Communication

 Emotional bond
 if what you say matters to
them and they can connect
with it, then they will be
more interested
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

Elements Of Good Communicator

c. Logos
Of Communication

 sense of reason
 You must present facts to
the audience for them to
believe in you
 There are few criticisms around this model. Some of
CRITICISMS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF

them are:
COMMUNICATION

• There is no concept of feedback, it is one way from

speaker to audience.
• There is no concept of communication failure like
noise and barriers.
• This model can only be used in public speaking.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
b) Lasswell’s Model Of Communication

 Developed by
Of Communication

communication theorist
Harold D. Lasswell (1902-
1978) in 1948.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
b) Lasswell’s Model Of Communication

 Also known as action model

Of Communication

or linear model or one way

model of communication
 is regarded as one the most
influential communication
models.
 There are few criticisms around this model. Some of
CRITICISMS OF LASSWELL’S MODEL OF

them are:
COMMUNICATION

• does not include feedback and it ignores the

possibility of noise
• very linear and does not consider barriers in the
communication process
• more focused on the resulting outcome and
generally used for media persuasion
 c) Berlo’s Model Of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

 In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s

Of Communication

Sender- Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) model of communication from
Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
 He described factors affecting the
individual components in the
communication making the
communication more efficient.
 c) Berlo’s Model Of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

 focuses on encoding and

Of Communication

decoding which happens

before sender sends the
message and before receiver
receives the message
respectively
 c) Berlo’s Model Of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model

 Berlo’s Model has mainly, four

Of Communication

components to describe the

communication process.
 They are sender, message,
channel and receiver. Each of
the component is affected by
many factors.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Linear Model
Of Communication
 There are few criticisms around this model. Some of
CRITICISMS OF BERLO’S MODEL OF

them are:
COMMUNICATION

• There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not

considered.
• There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in
communication process.
• It is a linear model of communication, there is no two-way
communication.
• Both of the people must be similar according to all the
factors mentioned above.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Different Types Of
Communication Models Based On
Transactional Models of
Communication
 Transactional Model Of Communication
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Transactional model of communication is the exchange of

messages between sender and receiver where each take
turns to send or receive messages.
• both sender and receiver are known as communicators
• The model is mostly used for interpersonal communication
and is also called circular model of communication.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional
Models of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional
a) Shannon And Weaver’s Model Of
Communication (Information Theory)
Models of Communication

 was created in 1948 when

Claude Elwood Shannon
wrote an article “A
Mathematical Theory of
Communication” in Bell
System Technical Journal
with Warren Weaver.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional
a) Shannon And Weaver’s Model Of
Communication (Information Theory)
 Shannon was an American
Models of Communication

mathematician whereas Weaver

was a scientist.
 The Mathematical theory later
came to be known as Shannon
Weaver model of
communication or “mother of
all models.”
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional

Concepts In Shannon Weaver

Model
Models of Communication

a)Sender (Information
source)
– is the person who makes the
message, chooses the channel and
sends the message.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional

Concepts In Shannon Weaver

Model
Models of Communication

b) Encoder (Transmitter)
– is the sender who uses machine,
which converts message into
signals or binary data. It might
also directly refer to the machine.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional
Models of Communication

message.
c) Channel
– is the medium used to send
Model
Concepts In Shannon Weaver
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional

Concepts In Shannon Weaver

Model
Models of Communication

d) Decoder (Receiver)
– is the machine used to convert
signals or binary data into message
or the receiver who translates the
message from signals.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional

Concepts In Shannon Weaver

Model
Models of Communication

e) Receiver (Destination)
– is the person who gets the
message or the place where the
message must reach. The receiver
provides feedback according to the
message.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional

Concepts In Shannon Weaver

Model
Models of Communication

f) Noise
– is the physical disturbances like
environment, people, etc. which
does not let the message get to the
receiver as what is sent.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Transactional
Models of Communication
 There are few advantages around this model. Some of
ADVANTAGES OF BERLO’S MODEL OF

them are:
COMMUNICATION

• Concept of noise helps in making the communication

effective by removing the noise or problem causing noise.
• This model takes communication as a two-way process. It
makes the model applicable in general communication.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Different Types Of
Communication Models Based On
Interactive Model Of
Communication
 Interactive Model Of Communication
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

 also known as convergence model

 deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place
both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa
 The communication process take place between humans or
machines in both verbal or non-verbal way
 This is a relatively new model of communication for new
technologies like web.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive
Model Of Communication
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

a) Osgood-Schramm’s Model Of
Communication
Model Of Communication

 built on the theory that

communication is a two-
way street, with a sender
and a receiver
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

a) Osgood-Schramm’s Model Of
Communication
Model Of Communication

 Charles Egerton Osgood popularized

the notion that communication was
circular rather than linear, meaning
that it required two participants
taking turns sending and receiving a
message.
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

a) Osgood-Schramm’s Model Of
Communication
Model Of Communication

 Field of experience incorporates what is mutually

understood between the sender and receiver. For example, a
professor of calculus would have very little luck
communicating important math principles to a classroom of
kindergarten students, because they do not share a field of
experience that makes the message easy to understand.
 Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive
Model Of Communication

something circular in nature.

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is
 b) Dance-Helical’s Model Of
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

Communication
Model Of Communication

•Frank Dance proposed a

communication model inspired by
a helix in 1967, known as Helical
Model of Communication.
•A helix is a three-dimensional
spring like curve in the shape of a
cylinder or a cone.
 b) Dance-Helical’s Model Of
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

Communication
Model Of Communication

•Helix is compared with evolution

of communication of a human
since birth to existence or existing
moment.
•Helical model gives geometrical
testimony of communication.
 b) Dance-Helical’s Model Of
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

Communication
Model Of Communication

•The model is linear as

well as circular
combined and disagrees
the concept of linearity
and circularity
individually.
 b) Dance-Helical’s Model Of
Different Types Of Communication Models Based On Interactive

Communication
Model Of Communication

• Communication is taken as a
dynamic process in helical
model of communication and
it progresses with age as our
experience and vocabulary
increases.
 Aristotle Model

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