STUDY ON TRANSIT-ORIENTED

DEVELOPMENT (TOD) AND MRT

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URBAN AMENITIES:
Urban amenities means urban facilities such as parks, playgrounds, green spaces,
parking facilities, public wi-fi facilities, public bus transport, bus shelters, taxi and
rickshaw stands, libraries, affordable hospitals, cultural centers, recreation centers,
stadium, sports complex and any other urban facility that the State Government may,
on the recommendation of the Authority, specify to be an urban amenity, but does not
include infrastructure development works “urban environment” includes water, air,
green spaces, open spaces and urban forestry in the notified area.( source : law insider)
TRANSIT-ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT:
TOD, or transit-oriented development, means
integrated urban places designed to bring
people, activities, buildings, and public space
together, with easy walking and cycling
connection between them and near-excellent
transit service to the rest of the city .It
promotes a symbiotic relationship
between dense, compact urban form and
public transport use.

FEATURES OF TOD:
A TOD typically includes a central
transit stop (such as a train station,
or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by
a high-density mixed-use area, with
lower-density areas spreading out from
this center.
CONCEPT OF TOD:

If  a development is more than 800m from transit,

than it  does not considered as transit oriented
development
WHY DOES TOD MATTER?​
The benefits of TOD are many. Individuals, communities, local
governments, and businesses in the Chicago Region all receive
value from TOD.​
​The Center for Transit-Oriented Development
(CTOD) describes some of the benefits of well-
designed TOD as follows: ​​
1. Reduced household driving and thus lowered
regional congestion, air pollution,and
greenhouse 
2. Walkable communities that accommodate
more healthy and active lifestyles .​​
3. Increased transit ridership for trips to work
4. Improved access to jobs and economic
opportunity for low-income people and working
families. ​​
5.Reduce dependence on the automobile,
reduce transportation costs, and free up
household income for other purposes.
Cities can ensure TOD by focusing on the following  principles :​
•Quality Public Transit
•Active Transport
•Car Use Management
•Mixed-Use Neighborhoods with Efficient Buildings
•Neighborhood Centers and Vibrant Ground Floors
•Public Spaces
•Community Participation and Collective Identity

Indeed, TOD presents great potential to achieve

 (I) sustainable urban development,
 (ii) efficient urban transportation sector, and
 (iii) equitable socioeconomic development, three
strategic goals of major importance in rapidly
expanding cities like Dhaka. 
CATCHMENT AREA:
In human geography, a catchment area is the area from which a city, service or institution attracts a population that uses its
services. For example, a school catchment area is the geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a
local school.​​
Governments and community service organizations often define catchment areas for planning purposes and public safety
such as ensuring universal access to services like fire departments, police departments, ambulance bases and hospitals.
The area in the immediate vicinity of the transit
station, within a walking distance, having high density
compact development with mixed land use to
support all basic needs of the residents is called the
influence zone of a transit station/ corridor.

Influence zone is either established at a transit

stations or along the transit corridors. It is
generally up to a radius of nearly 500-800m
of the transit station. Where the distance
between the transit stations is less than 1 km
STATION AREA:
Station areas are unique places where high-speed and intercity passenger rail can connect seamlessly with intermodal
options like public transit. The infill development around the station can boost economic growth and community vitality.

 Station plazas:
Arrangements must be made to reserve at least some public space near MRT stations, and carefully design this space as a
“station plaza.” This critical space must be organized and designed so as to maximize all benefits from MRT development.
The station plaza is indeed the space where all three TOD strategic goals meet, where the conditions for successful TOD
shall be implemented together.

In terms of urban design, the basic features of a station plaza include: 

(i) Pedestrian-oriented design and provision of public space: the design of the station plaza shall be pedestrian-oriented
and accessible to everyone. 
(ii) Intermodal integration and provision of intermodal facilities: some off-road space shall be reserved for intermodal
facilities, such as bike racks, bus stops, pick-up/ drop-off areas for paratransit and automobiles, some parking space; transit
users must be provided with sufficient information at the station plaza on how to transfer from MRT to other transportation
modes. 
(iii) Density and diversity of land uses: shall be at their maximum level near MRT stations, especially for all buildings
adjacent to the station plaza. 
TRANSPORT CORRIDOR:
A transport corridor is a generally linear area that is defined by one or more modes
of transportation like highway, railroads or public transport which share a common
course. (Source : wikipedia)

PURPOSE OF TRANSPORT CORRIDOR:

• Transportation corridors include one or more routes that connect centers of
economic activity.
• The routes have different alignments but common transfer points and common end
points, which are gateways that allow traffic to enter or exit the corridor.
• The routes are composed of the links over which the transportation services travel
and the nodes that interconnect the transportation services.
• Some corridors are uni-modal, but most involve multiple modes.
• Some corridors are relatively short and defined by a principal gateway like a port;
others are defined by the region they serve.
• Transportation corridors provide transportation and other logistics services that
promote trade among the cities and countries along the corridor.
• Transportation corridors can be domestic or international.
• A domestic corridor is a designated set of routes within the national transportation
network that is used to distribute goods within the country. 
Study on The Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit Development Project
Dhaka City is the capital of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) has a population of
9.3 million in 2011. Currently, urban transportation in the DMA relies mostly on road transport, where car, bus, auto-
rickshaw, rickshaw, etc. coexist. This creates serious traffic congestion in addition to health hazards caused by traffic
pollution including air pollution. With the rapid national economic growth, the urban population is expected to increase
and so will the number of privately owned automobiles. Therefore, improving the urban (public) transportation system in
the DMA has become a critical issue to ease traffic congestion and arrest environmental deterioration
With this situation, the government of Bangladesh (GOB)
formulated the “Strategic Transport Plan for Dhaka” (STP)
in 2005 in cooperation with the World Bank (WB) .And
the Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) conducted the Dhaka Urban Transportation
Network Development Study (DHUTS) Phase 1 from March
2009 with the DTCA as its counterpart agency.

That study recommended the MRT Line 6 as a priority project.

Objectives of the Project 
The objectives of the Project are to alleviate traffic congestion and improve air pollution in the Dhaka City by
constructing mass rapid transit system, thereby contributing to the economic and social development of Greater Dhaka
Region and improvement of urban environment.
Project Site 
Districts of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj, Narayanganj,
Munshiganj and Narsingdi.

Development around the station 

A transit-oriented development (TOD) typically
includes a central MRT station surrounded by a
high-density mixed-use area, with lower-density
areas spreading out from this centre. A TOD is also
typically designed to be more walkable than other
built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes
and reducing the land area dedicated to
automobiles. TOD allows the transport operator to
benefit from alternative revenue, and increased
ridership. In turn, this provides opportunity for
better services to be offered to the public.
MRT: 
Stands for Metro Rail Transit or Mass Rapid Transit.

The metro rail system consists of one line referred to as

the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) Line-6, with other metro rail
lines going to be added in the future. 

MRT Line-6 is a 20km-long line extending from Uttara in the north

to Motijheel in the south.
The line will be a standard gauge track, including a total of 16 elevated
stations crossing busy areas such as Pallabi and Mirpur. The travel
time from north to south Dhaka will be approximately 35 minutes.
INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS FOR MRT
LINE-6:
• The MRT Line-6 will feature 24 six-car train sets made of lightweight and highly durable stainless-steel.
•  The commuter cars will measure 19.8m long, 2.95m wide, and 4.1m high. 
• The maximum speed of the train is expected to be 100km/h.
• The line-6 infrastructure includes automatic fare collection systems, platform screen doors, staircases, elevators, and escalators.
• The length of each platform is expected to be approximately 180m.
Case study

HUB
TRANSPORTATION
•NAUCALPAN DE
JUÁREZ, MEXICO
•Arquitectos: JSa, Manuel Cervantes Céspedes
•Year: 2016

The Cuatro Caminos TOD is located in

northern Mexico City suburbs, and built over
the final station on Line 2 of the city’s Metro
(subway) system. 
• A set of buildings is planned for this 90,000-square-meter
property to help improve the flow of public transport in the
existing location. 
• This aim is to improve people’s transit and the surrounding
urban area, and to give users more security and a better
organized space. 
• The project consists of a bus station on the ground floor
which connects with the Cuatro Caminos metro station,
located in the middle of the CETRAM.
• From here, two wings branch out to the north and south
stations. The platforms and the bus maneuvering area is
found on this level, and stores are arranged along the
pedestrian routes.
• An 18-storey building will be built in the southern wing, with
business premises on the ground and first floors, and office
space on the remaining levels, offering a total built area of
32,000 m2. 
THE EAST DELHI HUB
will be developed around two of the existing 
Delhi Metro stations at Karkardooma, on the Delhi
Metro Blue Line and Delhi Metro Pink Line. 
The project will include a massive open green
landscape area, besides a 48-storey signature tower
which will become Delhi’s tallest tower.

Location: Karkardooma, New Delhi

Site Area: 75 acre
Built-up area: 15 million sq. ft
Architects: C P Kukreja Architects 
The  various facilities and special aspects of the
TOD project, which are as follows:

• One of the most unique aspects of the TOD

project is that it will have a central and
massive green lung of around 10 acres, built
inside it
• The hub has been designed with a
sustainability model, and will have
the provisions of vertical gardens as well
as water-harvesting facilities.
• There will also be a huge plaza
near the Delhi Metro stations
and skywalks will be built to take
people directly to the
destinations without them having to
step onto the streets.​

• Schools, dispensaries, gymnasia,

cultural centres as well as libraries
will be built inside the hub.
•  Combination of high and low density urban massing distributed at different vertical levels of the urban complex, which
allows myriad public activities to take place at different levels
• The squares and plazas are lined with commercial development to ensure ‘eyes on the streets,’ rendering the public areas
safe for everyone.
• The tallest tower itself behaves like a massive sound absorber and has been ideally envisioned as a
‘soundscraper’
• East Delhi Hub is not only a miniature Smart City, but a definition of ‘Living Organic Architecture” on real ground
LOHAS PARK
 is a Hong Kong seaside residential development of the MTR
Corporation, located in Tseung Kwan O Area

The 3,550,000 square feet (330,000 m2) estate is divided into

13 phases, composing of 50 high-rise residential towers,
offering 21,500 apartments to accommodate 58,000 residents
in the site area

• This project includes residential development

•  LOHAS Park will also include 3 shopping malls,
including a 480,000-square-foot iconic MTR mall
named THE LOHAS
•  it will contain the largest indoor ice-skating rink in
Hong Kong 
• the largest cinema in the whole Tseung Kwan O town. 
• There will also be green area of 1,000,000 square feet, ​
• includes a 200,000-square-foot central park named The
Park with pet recreation facilities, icon building, waterfalls
and lawns.
•  includes 50 residential towers, 
• a 48,000 sq. m. shopping centre,
•  a public transport interchange,
•  five schools and 
• other government facilities such as kindergartens, a day nursery,
elderly centres and children and youth services centres.
TUNG CHUNG, HONG KONG:
Compared to other developed economies, the car
ownership rate in Hong Kong is very low, and
approximately 90% of all trips are made by public
transport.
In recent decades, Hong Kong has started to have some
TODs, where a railway is built simultaneously with
residential development above or nearby, dubbed the
"Rail plus Property" (R+P) Model.

• Tung Chung is being developed in four phases into

a new town with a target population of 250,000
people.

• The first and second phase have been

completed. The remaining development in Tung
Chung is planned to be implemented as Phases 3
and 4 and to be completed in a foreseeable future.

• Currently, Tung Chung is primarily residential, but

an office block and hotel have already been
completed.
• Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1) is the newly • Tung Chung Town Centre features a number of
developed core living area around Tung shops, restaurants, a cinema and entertainment
Chung. facilities centered on the Citygate development

• In April 2011, a swimming pool opened to

provide further recreational opportunities.
Arlington County, Virginia, US:
Arlington County, is one of the most
successful examples of transit- oriented
development (TOD) in the United States.

• One of the county’s first steps was to

create a general land use plan (GLUP)
that set the broad policy framework for
guiding development decisions along the
Metrorail corridor.

• The county then introduced sector plans

for individual sector plans that specified
land- use and zoning ordinances, as well
as urban design, transportation, and open-
space guidelines for each station area.

• Arlington is home to the first

suburban Washington Metro stations.
• For over 30 years, the government has pursued
a development strategy of concentrating much
of its new development near transit facilities,
such as Metrorail stations and the high-volume
bus lines of Columbia Pike.

• Within the transit areas, the government has a

policy of encouraging mixed use and pedestrian
and transit-oriented development.

• High density, mixed-use development is
often concentrated within 1/4 to 1/2 mile
from the County's Metrorail rapid
transit stations.

Aerial view of a growth pattern in Arlington

County, Virginia.
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