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Programming Logic and Design: Mark Joniel M. Lopez, Cpe

This document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides examples for converting between these number systems. The key points covered are: 1) Decimal uses 10 digits and is based on powers of 10, binary uses two digits (0 and 1) and is based on powers of 2, octal uses 8 digits and hexadecimal uses 16 digits. 2) Converting a number from one system to another involves repeatedly taking the remainder when dividing by the new base to obtain each digit place value. 3) Hexadecimal and binary conversions are simplified by treating each hexadecimal digit as 4 binary digits and vice versa.

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Reyn Mayoyo
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40 views

Programming Logic and Design: Mark Joniel M. Lopez, Cpe

This document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides examples for converting between these number systems. The key points covered are: 1) Decimal uses 10 digits and is based on powers of 10, binary uses two digits (0 and 1) and is based on powers of 2, octal uses 8 digits and hexadecimal uses 16 digits. 2) Converting a number from one system to another involves repeatedly taking the remainder when dividing by the new base to obtain each digit place value. 3) Hexadecimal and binary conversions are simplified by treating each hexadecimal digit as 4 binary digits and vice versa.

Uploaded by

Reyn Mayoyo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CpE 112

PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN

LECTURE 1
MARK JONIEL M. LOPEZ,CpE
Number Systems
Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?
• Digit is derived from the Latin word for
“finger”
Decimal Numbering System
• Uses ten (10) as a base, also called base-
10 system.
• It uses ten digit symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, and 9.
• Each number position represents a
weighting factor (positional value system)
which is a power of the base ten. (1, 10,
100, 1000, etc.)
Decimal: Example
• 4175.8610 can be computed as:

=(4 x 103) + (1 * 102) + (7 * 101) + (5 * 100) +


(8 * 10-1) + (6 * 10-2)

• 7,392.42 is equal to:


= (7 * 103) + (3 * 102) + (9 * 101) + (2 * 100) +
(4 * 10-1) + (2 * 10-2)
Octal Numbering System
• A base-eight numbering system with eight
digits of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

Decimal Octal
-------- ------
0 0
1 1
7 7
8 10
9 11
Octal (cont.)
• For example to count in octal the digits
combine after reaching a count of 7
1,..7,10,11,12,…,17,20,21,…,75,76,77,100

• For two octal digits the largest number is


77 so the two octal digits end after at 77.
Octal (cont.)
• To find the decimal number equal to an
octal number:

• (127.4)8
= (1* 82) +(2 * 81) + (7 * 80) +
(4 * 8-1 )
= (87.5)10

• (4536)8
= (4x83) + (5x82) + (3x81) + (6x80)
= (1362)10
Summary: Octal
• In the octal system, a number with digits
XYZ can be written as:
• XYZ8
= (X x 82) + (Y x 81) + ( Z x 80)
Sixty fours Eights Ones

32768 4096 512 64 8 1


…. 85 84 83 82 81 80
Hexadecimal Numbering System
• Has a base-16
• There are 16 digits in this system: 0, 1..9, and A,
B, C, D, E, F)
Hexadecimal Decimal
----------- -------
0 0
1 1
…….. ……
9 9
A 10
B 11
…….. ……

E 14
F 15
Hexadecimal (cont.)
• To count in hexadecimal: 0..F,10,11,…
19,1A,1B,..,1E,1F,20,
21,….99,9A,…,9F,A0,A1…..,FE,FF,100

• For two hexadecimal digits the largest


number is FF so the two hexadecimal
digits end after at FF.
Hexadecimal (cont.)
• To find the decimal number equal to a
hexadecimal number:
• (B65F)16
= (11 * 163)+ (6 * 162)+ (5 * 161)+ (5 * 160)
= (46,687)10

• Try this…
—(BCF) 16
—(FA.CE) 16
Hexadecimal (cont.)
• XYZ16 = X x 162 + Y x 161 + Z x 160
256s 16s 1s

1048576 65536 4096 256 16 1


…. 165 164 163 162 161 160
Binary Numbering System
• Uses two (2) as a base, made of binary
digits (bits): 0 and 1; useful to represent
switch positions (open or closed).

• Leftmost bit position is called Most


Significant Bit (MSB).

• Right most bit position is called Least


Significant Bit (LSB).
Binary Numbering System
• Groups of eight bits are called a byte
—(11001001) 2

• Groups of four bits are called a nibble.


— (1101) 2

Base 10
2 1
2 0
Equivalent
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3
Conversion of Integer from
Decimal to other Bases
• For each digit position:
1. Divide decimal number by the base.
2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor
remains.

• Example: (13)10 = _____ 2

Integer
Remainder Coefficient
Quotient
13/2 = 6 + ½ a0 = 1
6/2 = 3 + 0 a1 = 0
3/2 = 1 + ½ a2 = 1
1/2 = 0 + ½ a3 = 1
Answer (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2
Integer Conversion:
• Try This:

—(53)10 = _____ 2

—(255)10 = _____ 8

—(2008)10 = _____ 16

—(100)10 = _____ 4

—(1024)10 = _____ 12
Conversion of Fractions from
Decimal to other Bases
• For each digit position:
1. Multiply decimal number by the base.
2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction
becomes zero (or repeated/continuous).

• Example: (0.625)10 = ____2

Integer Fraction Coefficient


0.625 x 2 = 1 + 0.25 a -1 = 1
0.250 x 2 = 0 + 0.50 a -2 = 0
0.500 x 2 = 1 + 0 a -3 = 1
Answer (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 = (0.101)2
Conversion
• Try This…

—(0.8125)10= ______2

—(0.3125)10 = ______8
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
• Converting from Hex to Binary is easy:

• Every hex digit becomes 4 binary digits

• Example #1: (1AF5) 16


=(0001 1010 1111 0101) 2

• Example #2: (306.D)16


= ( 0011 0000 0110. 1101 )2
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
• Just as simple, reverse to process

• Example: (11100101010101.1101) 2

=(0011 1001 0101 0101 . 1101) 2


=(3955.D) 16
Octal to Binary
• Converting from Octal to Binary is trivial:

• Every octal digit becomes 3 binary digits

• Example: (17.5 ) 8
=(001 111 . 101) 2
Binary to Octal
• Just as simple, reverse to process

• Example: (11001010101.011101) 2

=(011 001 010 101 . 011 101) 2


=(3125.35) 8

• Note: Using the hex and octal equivalent


instead of binary numbers are more
convenient and less prone to errors.

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