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Genetics and Orthodontics

Genetics is important for orthodontists to understand because genes affect growth and development of oral structures, which influence malocclusions. Understanding genetics can help orthodontists better diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent malocclusions in future generations. There are two main types of genetic disorders - numerical disorders involving changes in chromosome number, and structural disorders changing chromosome composition and structure. A student of orthodontics should be interested in genetics as it provides insights into causes of malocclusions and their transmission within families.

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3K views26 pages

Genetics and Orthodontics

Genetics is important for orthodontists to understand because genes affect growth and development of oral structures, which influence malocclusions. Understanding genetics can help orthodontists better diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent malocclusions in future generations. There are two main types of genetic disorders - numerical disorders involving changes in chromosome number, and structural disorders changing chromosome composition and structure. A student of orthodontics should be interested in genetics as it provides insights into causes of malocclusions and their transmission within families.

Uploaded by

Shabeel Pn
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetics is a science

concerned with structure


and function of all genes in
different organisms.

Gregor mendel
Father of genetics
WHY SHOULD A STUDENT OF
ORTHODONTICS BE INTERESTED IN
GENETICS????
• Because they effect growth and
development and function of oral and
facial structure which is important for
an orthodontics.
• It also help us to diagnose ,treat and
subsequently maybe prevent malocclusion
from occurring in next generation.
• Genetic disorders in a general aspect
can be considered to be of two
types:-
 Numerical disorder.
 Structural disorders.
• Numerical disorders:- These are those in which
there is a change in the number of chromosomes
within the cell.
• Eg:-
– Polyploidy
– Monosomy
– Trisomy
– Turner’s syndrome.
– Klinefelter’s syndrome.
• Structural disorders:- Those in which there is
change in basic composition & structure of
chromosomes.
• Eg:-
– Translocation.
– Deletions.
– Ring chromosomes.
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION OF
MALOCCLUSION:-
3. VARIABLE TRAITS :-
• Occurrence of different but related type of
malocclusion within several generation of same
family.
• Traits seen with variable expression
eg,missing teeth,which are commonly seen
feature in some families, but the same teeth
may not be missing in different generations or
within the same generation.
• A diagnosis of genetic malocclusion should be
made on bases of longitudinal studies of
padigree same family.
• Human potentialities are determined by the
genotype, but their manifestation depends on
environment.-also known as epigenetics
• Evidence of genes being responsible for a
particular characteristic in the production of
an anomaly can be masked by environmental
conditions such as climate, economic condition
,oral hygiene.
• Knowledge of human inheritance is possible
only from study of pedigree and not on
experimentation.
• Humen twins can be of 2 types:-
– Monozygotic twins.
– Dizygotic twins.
 MONOZYGOTIC TWINS:- They are
two individuals developed from single
fertilized ovum,which divides into two
at an early stage of development.
 These twins thus have a genetic
make-up identical to each other.
• Dizygotic twins:- They are two
individuals developed fromm two
saperate ova,ovulated & fertilized
by two different sperms.
• These twins are not genetically
identical as they develop from
two different embryos.
• AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE
• Trait appear in every generation .
• An affected child must have at least one
affected parent.
• About one half of the offspring of an affected
person are affected(reoccurrence risk is 50% at
each conception)
• Both male & female persons are affected.
• Abnormal recessive genes are transmitted through
hetrozygotes.
• Characteristics:
• The trait visible only in siblings but not in their
parents and relatives .
• Parents of an affected person may have been blood
relatives .
• About one fourth of children are
affected;reccurrence risk is 25%.
• Both male and female children have equal chance of
being affected.
• This type of inheritance is mostly X-linked
• Predominantly males are affected
• Heterozygous females are carriers expected to produce
normal & affected sons in ratio of 1:1
• An affected male never produces an affected son (for ex:
hemophilia)
• Characteristic of x-linked recessive inheritance
• males are affected more frequently than females
• When the female parent is carrying the trait then 50% of her
sons are affected & 50% daughter are carriers
• Affected male parent cannot transmit the trait directly to his
sons i.e. trait will skip a generation
• Affected male parent transmit the trait to his
daughter but not to the son
• When affected females are homozygous they
transmit the trait to all children irrespective of
their sex
• When affected females are heterozygous – only
50% of children of both sexes have a chance of
being affected
• The clinical features are due to cummulative effects
of all polygenes as well as other factors
• Other factors may be certain other genes or local or
general environmental factor
• Classical ex – cleft lip & cleft palate
• Developmental hereditary characteristics
are influenced by local and general
environmental factors and their penetrance
and expressivity can be greatly modify by
these influence
• Occlusal variations are polygenic that is
control by many genes and various
environmental factors
• Extreme deviation are due to chromosomal
or single gene effect.
Genetics related to
malocclusions
Class II :- The size ,position & relation of the jaws are
to a large extend by genes.
thus class II malocclusion exibiting skeletal
anomalies such as prognathic maxilla or retrognathic
mandible can be due to hereditary cause.
Class II div 1 malocclusion-Extensive cephalometric
studies have been caried out to determined the
heretibility of certain craniofacial parameter in
class II div. 1 malocclusion.
• These investigation have shown that in the class
II patient the mandible is significantly more
retruded than in class I patients with the body of
mandible smaller & overall mandibular length
reduced.
• These studies also showed a higher correlation
between the patient & his immediate family.
• Class II division 2 malocclusion:- this malocclusion
is a distinct clinical entity & is a more consistent
of definable morphometric features occuring
simultaneously i.e. a syndrome than the other
malocclusion types put forward by angle in early
1900s.
• These malocclusion comprises the unique
combination of deep overbite,retroclined
incisors,class II skeletal discripency.
• Class III :- true class III
malocclusion underlying skeletal
imbalance is usually inherited.
• These are said to have a strong
genetics basis.
• Features include:
– A retrognathic maxilla
– Prognathic mandible or both
Probably the most famous eg.
Of genetic trait in humans
passing through several
generations is the pedgree
of the so called Hapsburg
jaw,
• Hapsburg family line that the mandibular
prognathism was transmitted as an autosomal
dominant trait. This could be regarded as an
exception & in itself does not provide sufficient
information to predict the mode of inheritance of
mand. Prognathism.
1. Micrognathia 10. Downs syndrome.
2. Macrognathia. 11. Bimaxillary protrusion.
3. Cleft lip & palate. 12. Bimaxillary atresia.
4. Gardners syndrome. 13. Retarded eruption of
5. marfan’s syndrome. teeth.
6. Cherubism. 14. Hypodontia,
7. Cleido-cranial dysplasia. anodontia,oligodontia,etc
15. Abnormal overjet &
8. Mandibulo-facial
overbite.
dysplasia.
16. Openbite.
9. Osteogenesis
17. High arched palate.
imperfecta..
18. Abnormal number &
arrangement of teeth

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