TYPES OF STORAGE

TANK AND THEIR

DESIGN
REPORTED TO : MR.PALASH BORDOLOI
CONTENT

• 1. Introduction

• 2. Types of Storage Tanks

• 3.Design Codes and Standards

• 4. Floating Roof Tank

• 5. Process Description and Requirements

• 6. Process Description and Design Consideration

• 7. Tank Design

• 8. Tank Construction

• ▪ Foundation

• ▪ Bottom Plate Placement

• ▪ Shell Erection
INTRODUCTION TO STORAGE TANKS

• Storage tanks containing organic

liquids, non organic liquids, vapors
and can be found in many Industries.
• These tanks can have different sizes,
ranging from 2 to 60 m diameter or
more.
• They are generally installed inside
containment basins in order to contain
spills in case of rupture of the tank.
TYPES OF STORAGE TANK

• 1. Fixed-roof tanks
• 2. External floating roof tanks
• 3. Internal floating roof tanks
• 4. Domed external floating roof tanks
• 5. Horizontal tanks
• 6. Variable vapor space tanks
• 7. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks
FIXED-ROOF TANK

• The fixed-roof tank is the least expensive to construct and is

generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment for
storing liquids.
• A typical fixed-roof tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with
a cone- or dome-shaped roof that is permanently affixed to the
tank shell.
• A Breather Valve (pressure-vacuum Valve), which is commonly
installed on many fixed-roof tanks, allows the tank to operate at a
slight internal pressure or vacuum.
• Storage tanks are usually fully welded and designed for both
liquid and vapor tight, while older tanks are often have a riveted
or bolted construction and are not vapor tight.
• This Valve prevents the release of vapors during only very small
changes in temperature, barometric pressure, or liquid level, the
emissions from a fixed-roof tank can be appreciable.
 EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANK

• A typical external floating roof tank consists of an open-topped

cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of
the stored liquid, rising and falling with the liquid level.
• The floating roof is comprised of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system.
• The liquid surface is covered by the floating deck, except in the small
annular space between the deck and the shell; the deck may contact the
liquid or float directly above the surface on pontoons
• The floating deck is also equipped with fittings that penetrate the deck
and serve operational functions.
• The external floating roof design is such that evaporative losses from the
stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim seal system and deck
fittings (standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the tank walls
(withdrawal loss).
 INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANK

• That tanks has both, a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof inside.
There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks.

1. Tanks in which the fixed roof is supported by vertical columns

within the tank.

2. Tanks with a self supporting fixed roof and no internal support

columns

• Fixed roof tanks that have been retrofitted to employ an internal

floating roof are typically of the first type, while external floating roof
tanks that have been converted to an internal floating roof tank
typically have a self-supporting roof

• . Tanks initially constructed with both a fixed roof and an internal

floating roof may be of either type.

• An internal floating roof tank has both a permanently affixed roof and
a roof that floats inside the tank on the liquid surface (contact deck) or
is supported on pontoons several inches above the liquid surface
(noncontact deck).
DOMED EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANK

• Domed external floating roof tanks have the heavier type of deck
used in external floating roof tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top
of the shell like internal floating roof tanks.
• Domed external floating roof tanks usually result from retrofitting an
external floating roof tank with a fixed roof.
• As with the internal floating roof tanks, the function of the fixed roof
is not to act as a vapor barrier, but to block the wind . This type of
fixed roof most commonly used is a self supporting aluminum dome
roof, which is of bolted construction
• Like the internal floating roof tanks, these tanks are freely vented by
circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The deck fittings and
rim seals, however, are basically identical to those on external
floating roof tanks.
HORIZONTAL TANK

• Horizontal tanks are constructed for both above-ground and

underground service.
• Horizontal tanks are usually constructed of steel, steel with a
fiberglass overlay, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester. Horizontal
tanks are generally small storage tanks.
• Horizontal tanks are generally small storage tank.
• Horizontal tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is
not greater than six times the diameter to ensure structural integrity.
• In addition, underground tanks may be cathodically protected to
prevent corrosion of the tank shell. Cathodic protection is
accomplished by placing sacrificial anodes in the tank that are
connected to an impressed current system or by using galvanic
anodes in the tank.
 VARIABLE VAPOR SPACE TANK

• Variable vapor space tanks are equipped with expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate vapor volume
fluctuations attributable to temperature and barometric pressure changes.
• They are normally connected to the vapor spaces of one or more fixed roof tanks.
• The two most common types of variable vapor space tanks are lifter roof tanks and flexible diaphragm tanks.
• Lifter roof tanks have a telescoping roof that fits loosely around the outside of the main tank wall. The space
between the roof and the wall is closed by either a wet seal, which is a trough filled with liquid, or a dry seal,
which uses a flexible coated fabric.
• Flexible diaphragm tanks use flexible membranes to provide expandable volume. They may be either
separate gasholder units or integral units mounted atop fixed roof tanks.
LNG STORAGE TANK

• A liquefied natural gas storage tank or LNG storage tank is

a specialized type of storage tank used for the storage of
Liquefied Natural Gas.
• LNG storage tanks can be found in ground, above ground or
in LNG carriers.
• LNG Storage tanks is the ability to store LNG at the very
low temperature of -162°C.
• LNG storage tanks have double containers, where the inner
contains LNG and the outer container contains insulation
materials.
• In LNG storage tanks if LNG vapour are not released, the
pressure and temperature within the tank will continue to
rise. LNG is a cryogen, and is kept in its liquid state at very
low temperature .
DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS

• American Standards API 650 (Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage)
• British Standards BS 2654 (Manufacture of Vertical Storage Tanks with Buttwelded Shells
for the Petroleum Industry
• The European Standards - German Code Din 4119 – Part 1 and 2 (Above Ground Cylindrical
Flat Bottomed Storage Tanks of Metallic Materials) - The French Code, Codres – (Code
Francais de construction des reservoirs cylindriques verticauz en acier U.C.S.I.P. et S.N.C.T.)
• The EEMUA Standards (The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association)
• Company standards such as shell (DEP) and Petronas (PTS)
FLOATING ROOF TANKS

• The floating roof is a circular steel structure provided with a built-in buoyancy which allowing it to sit/ float on
top of the liquid product in a close or open top tank
• The overall diameter of the roof is normally 400 mm smaller than the inside diameter of the tank, which has about
200 mm gap on each side between the roof and the inside tank wall.
• This is due to the limitation on the accuracy of dimension during construction forthe large diameter tank. The
gaps allow the floating roof to rise and fall without binding on the tank wall.
• To protect the product inside the tank from evaporation to the atmosphere and contamination from the rain water
through the gaps between the outer rim of the floating roof and the tank wall, the gaps will be closed or sealed up
by mean of flexible sealing system.
• Due to environmental issue, selection of the roof seal is one of the major concerns in the floating roof tank design
DIAGRAM
ADVANTAGES OF THE FLOATING ROOF STORAGE TANK

• As the roof floats directly on the product, there is no vapour space and thus eliminating
any possibility of flammable atmosphere.
• It reduces evaporation losses and hence reduction in air pollution.
• Vapour emission is only possible from the rim seal area and this would mainly depend on
the type of seal selected and used.
• In term of 11 tank stability and design integrity, floating roof tank is never better than the
fixed roof tank as there arestill many unknown parameters and factors in designing the
floating roof.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• This storage tank is designed to store the stabilized condensate which runs down from the
condensate stabilizer column.
• The stabilized condensate processed in the stabilsed system is pumped to Stabilsed Condensate
Tank prior to export via underwater pipeline to the Single Buoying Mooring for ship loading.
• Due to the waxy nature of the condensate, the liquid is heated above the wax dissolution
temperature (WDT) of 39°C to prevent wax precipitation and formation in the pipeline.
• The condensate in the tank is circulated in an external heating circuit to maintain the operating
temperature at 44°C.
DIAGRAM
TANK DESIGN

• INTRODUCTION
• Storage tank design consists of 2 main sections –

1. Shell Design
2. Roof Design.
• The shell design include the shell stress design which is to size up the shell wall thickness, top
and intermediate stiffener ring, stability check against the wind and seismic load and sizing up
the anchor bolt.
• The roof design will consist of roof stress design, and the roof accessories and fitting design
 SHELL DESIGN

• The tank shell is designed accordance to the API 650 (2007) and the design considerations had been stated in the
literature review under Mechanial Design Consideration.
• It was also mentioned in the literature review that there are several methods stated in API 650 (2007) to determine
the shell wall thickness. Based on the tank size of 39 m diameter, 1-Foot Method was the most appropriate method to
be used.
• The 1-foot method calculates the thickness required at design points 0.3 m (1ft) above the bottom of each shell
course. The required minimum thickness of shell plates shall be the greater of the value computed as followed [API
650, 2007].
• The equation in the API 650 (2007) 1-Foot Method can be derived from the basic membrane theory, the two main
stresses exerting on the cylindrical shell due to the internal pressure are longitudinal stress and circumferential stress
SHELL DESIGN
LONGITUDINAL STRESS

• Figure 2.1 show a thin walled cylindrical in which the longitudinal force FL resulted from
the internal pressure, Pi, acting on the thin cylinder of thickness t, length L, and diameter
D
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS

Similarly Figure 2.2 considers the circumferential stresses caused by internal pressure, Pi , acting on
the thin cylinder of thickness t, length L, and diameter
TANK CONSTRUCTION

• Just as most of the construction task, welded vertical tanks can be erected satisfactorily in
several ways, erector contractors normally have a particular method, which they have
adopted as the result of experience, and have developed the erection technique most
suitable for economical working and good workmanship by their field crews.
• To build tanks which are of sound quality, good appearance and free from excessive
buckles or distortion, correct welding sequences should be adhered to and adequate
supervision provided.
FOUNDATION

• Foundation has to be prepared well ahead before the tank construction start. A successful
construction and operation of the tank relies on the tank being built on a firm foundation.
API 650 (2007) Appendix B provides recommendations for design and construction of
Foundation for above ground storage tanks. The construction and design will not be
discussed in detail as our main concern is the tank itself.
• One of the major parameter in designing and construction the tank foundation is the
overturning moment and base shear force of the tank due to seismic and the anchor bolt
arrangement and size. The foundation was built in a height of 300 mm from the ground
level, anchor bolts are to be cast into the foundation .
BOTTOM PLATE PLACEMENT

• When the tank foundation is done and ready for the tank erection, bottom plate will start laying on top of the foundation and
welded in sequence.
• . It is important to lay and weld the bottom plate in correct sequence to avoid any weld distortion.
• The welding sequence for bottom plate layout with annular plates, with reference
• to Figure 8 is as follow:
• 1. Lay plates and lightly tack –weld
• 2. Weld center sump in position 1 and 2
• 3. Weld rectangular plates together commencing at center, welding short
• Seams first 3 to 11, seams between rows of plates shall be free of tack welds before making final weld
• 4. Weld only outer part of radial seams of annular plates before erection of shell plates at 12a
BOTTOM PLATE PLACEMENT

• After complete assembly and welding of lower shell courses, weld

• lower shell course to annular 12b for prevention of welding distortion.
• 6. Weld remaining part of radial weld of annulars at 12c
• 7. Weld rectangular and sketch plates together at 13 to 22 and finally to annularsat 23
SHELL ERECTION

• Shell plates will be erected when the bottom plates are done, the shell plates are held in
place, tacked and completely welded.
• This will be done course by course, working upwards to the top curb angle. No course
can be added as long as the previous course hadnot been entirely welded.
• The tank is then filled with water and, using the floating roof as a working platform, the
third and subsequent course are erected and welded, water being pumped in as each
course is completed.
SHELL ERECTION
THANK YOU

• SUBMITTED BY
• VARUN KAUSHIK
• SAHIL SONI
• NAJMEEN
• LOKENDRA
• VIRENDRA SINGH
• SAWAI SOLANKI