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Child Morbidity and Mortality

The document discusses various measures of child morbidity and mortality rates. It defines morbidity measures like incidence rate and prevalence rate. Mortality measures discussed include death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), neonatal mortality rate (NMR), post neonatal mortality rate (PNMR), perinatal mortality rate (PMR), and under-5 mortality rate. Factors influencing IMR are also outlined.

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Anadh Patel
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191 views22 pages

Child Morbidity and Mortality

The document discusses various measures of child morbidity and mortality rates. It defines morbidity measures like incidence rate and prevalence rate. Mortality measures discussed include death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), neonatal mortality rate (NMR), post neonatal mortality rate (PNMR), perinatal mortality rate (PMR), and under-5 mortality rate. Factors influencing IMR are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Anadh Patel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHILD MORBIDITY

AND MORTALITYN
RATES

Presented By:
Mrs. Bhumi Raval
 Health is a multidimensional concept that
is usually measured in various terms.
 Health can be measured in terms of:

I. Absence of physical pain, physical


disability or conditions that may cause
death
II. Emotional well-being
III. Satisfactory social functioning
 The health of an entire population is
determined by aggregating data collected
on individuals.
 In the absence of comprehensive or
absolute measures of health of population,
the average lifespan, prevalence of
preventable diseases or deaths and
availability of health services as indicators
of health status.
MORBIDITY MEASURES
Incidence rate

Number of new cases of a disease occuring in population


during specified time period
1000

Number of persons exposed to the risk of developing the


disease during that period of time
PREVALENCE RATE

Number cases of disease present in population at a


specified period of time
1000

Number of persons at risk of having the disease at that


specified time
MORTALITY MEASURES

Death rate:

Total number of deaths in population at a specified period


of time
1000

Total population at that specified time


OTHER MORTALITY INDICATORS

Mortality indicators

Mortality in
Maternal infancy and
mortality rate childhood
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
 Maternal death is defined as “the death of
woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and site of pregnancy from any cause
related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its
management.”
 MMR is defined as “total number or female
deaths due to complications of prgnancy,
childbirth or within 42 days of delivery from
puerperal causes in an area during a givan year
per 1000 live births in the same year.”
Total number of female deaths due to pregnancy,
childbirth, or within 42 days of delivery in area in a
given year
MMR 1000

Total number of live births in the same area and year


MORTALITY IN INFANCY AND
CHILDHOOD

 Mortality rates in infancy and childhood


are good indicators to measure the level of
health and health care of various
countries.
INFANT MORTALITY
POST NEONATAL
DEATH

NEONATAL DEATH

LATE NEONATAL
DEATH

EARLY NEONATAL
DEATH

PERINATAL DEATH

STILL BIRTH

28 WKS OF
BIRTH 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 1 YEAR
GESTATIONS
1. PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE (PMR)

“Perinatal mortality” includes both late


fetal deaths and early neonatal deaths
weighing over 1000 gms at birth
expressed as a ratio per 1000 live births.
Late fetal deaths + Early neonatal
deaths in one year
PMR = 1000

Live births in same year


2. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
(NMR)

 Neonatal deaths are deaths occuring in neonatal


period that begins at birth and ends at 28 days of
birth.
 Neonatal mortality rate is defined as “the total
number of death of babies after birth and within
28 days of birth in a given year per 1000 live
births in that year.
Number of deaths of children under
28 days of age in a given year
PMR = 1000

Total live births in the same year


3. POST NEONATAL MORTALITY
RATE (PNMR)

 Post neonatal deaths are deaths occuring from 28


days of life to under 1 year.
 The PNMR is defined as “ the total number of
death of babies after 28 days of births and within
one year in a given year per 1000 live births in
that year”.
Number of death of babies under 28 days
to one year of age in a given year
PNMR = 1000
Total live births in same year
4. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
(IMR)
 IMR is defined as “the ratio of death of infants under 1
year of age in a given year per 1000 live births in same
year.”

Number of deaths of children


under 1 year of age
IMR = 1000

Number of live births in


same year
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMR
1. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:
a. Birth weight
b. Age of mother
c. Birth order
d. Birth spacing
e. Multiple births
f. Family size
g. High fertility
2. ECONOMIC FACTORS
3. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS
a. Breast feeding

b. Religion and caste

c. Early marriages

d. Sex of the child

e. Quality of mothering

f. Maternal education
g. Quality of health care

h. Broken families

i. Illegitimacy
j. Brutal habits and customs
k. Indigenous dai

l. Bad environmental sanitation


PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE
IMR
 Prenatal nutrition
 Prevention of infection

 Breast feeding

 Family planning

 Sanitation

 Primary health care

 Socio-economic development

 National health programmes


5. UNDER 5 MORTALITY RATE

 UNICEF defines this as the “annual number of deaths of


children under 5 years of age, per 1000 live births”.

Number of deaths of children less


UNDER 5 than 5 years of age in a given year
MORTALIT = 1000
Y RATE
Total number of live births
in same year

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