BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

GROUP NO. :- 12
GROUP MEMBERS :-
• 200280113501 – Shreya Mistry
• 200280113506 – Kuldip Chaudhari
• 200280113508 – Shahzeb Mulla
• 200280113510 – Kunal Rana
• 200280113511 – Dharmi Barot
• 200280113512 – Akash Parmar
• 200280113513 – Tozal Shodhiya
CONCEPT OF REMOTE
SENSING :-
CONCEPT OF REMOTE
SENSING :-
 Definition of Remote
sensing :-

• Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining

information about an object , area or phenomena through
satellite.
• Remote sensing is a technology of acquiring information
about earth surface without actually being in contact with
it. This is done by sensing and recording reflection or
emitted energy & processing, analysing and applying that
information.
Electromagnetic Radiation: (EMR)

 Electromagnetic energy, produced by the

vibration of charged particles, travels in the
form of waves through the atmosphere
and the atmosphere and the vacuum of
space.
 REMOTE SENSING PROCESS :- 7 STEPS

A D
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Target (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) B
5. Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. Application (G)

C E F G
 Remote sensing sensors :-
Sensors- there are two type of sensors:

1. Passive remote sensors

2. Active remote sensors
Energy interaction in Atmosphere:-
 Refraction & transmission
 Scattering
 Absorption
 1.Atmospheric refraction:-
 Refraction occurs when electro-magnetic radiation
passes from one medium to a second medium of
different density. This occurs in the atmosphere where it
is stratified. In a stable atmosphere, its effects are
minimal. In a turbulent atmosphere, refraction
influences the direction of incident and outgoing
radiation, thereby affecting the geometric accuracy of a
remotely sensed image (put simply, it makes it more
problematic to associate the radiant energy detected by
a sensor with a specific part of the Earth's surface).
 Transmission :-
 The EMR varies along a frequency spectrum with infinite bounds.
 The frequency range measurable and usable by remote sensors vary within more
than 9 orders of magnitude ~[0.1 mm – 100 m] .
 The physical principles of interaction of the EMR with targets are different over
each spectral range.
 The human eye is generally sensitive between the [0.4-0.8] nm range.
 The ultraviolet zone is mostly opaque, hence is generally unusable for the RS
applications.
 There is no spectral window where the atmosphere is 100% transparent.
 The ionosphere is 100% opaque at frequencies below 10 Mhz8. Atmospheric
transmission.
 The atmosphere absorbs and scatters the EMR.
 Atmospheric opacity is largely due to absorption by molecules like H2 0, O2 , O3 ,
water etc.
 Light is also scattered by the atmospheric molecules and particles.
Atmospheric Transmission:-
 2. Scattering:-
• scattering, which changes the direction and intensity
of radiation (see illustration below).absorption, in
which incident radiation is retained by constituent
parts of the atmosphere, thereby reducing its
intensity. refraction, which changes the direction of
radiation as it passes through the atmosphere (see
illustration below).
Types of scattering :-
Rayleigh Scattering
Mie scattering
Nonselective scattering
  Rayleigh scattering :-
Also called molecular scattering;
Consists of scattering from atmospheric molecules;
Dominant at elevations of 9 to 10 km above the surface;
Follows a wavelength dependency of ~
 It is the Rayleigh scattering that causes the blue color of
the sky and the red color at sunset.
 Mie scattering :-
Particles' diameters are equivalent to the wavelength d ≈ l
Water vapor and dust are major causes of Mie scattering
Mie scattering tends to influence longer wavelengths.
It is common in lower atmosphere where large particles
are more abundant, and dominates under overcast could
conditions.
 Nonselective scattering :-
It scatters all visible and near to mid IR wavelengths.
Particles are much larger than the wavelength d>>l
Water droplets (5-100 μm) and larger dust particles
Non-selective scattering is independent of wavelength
 All wavelength are scattered equally (A could appears white)
 3.Absorption
• Absorption is the process by which radiant energy is
absorbed and converted into other forms of energy
• The atmosphere prevents, or strongly attenuates,
transmission of radiation through the atmosphere
• An absorption band is a range of wavelengths (or
frequencies) in the EMS within which radiant energy
is absorbed by substances such as water, CO2, O2,
O3, & N2O.
• O3: absorbs ultraviolet radiation high in atmosphere
• CO2: absorbs mid and far infrared (13-17.5 μm) in
lower atmosphere
• H2O: absorbs mid-far infrared (5.5-7.0, >27 μm) in
lower atmosphere
Absorption bands :-
Transmission , rellection ,scattering, & absorption:-
Atmospheric windows ( transmission band )

The wavelength ranges in which the atmosphere is particularly

transmissive
Atmospheric windows:-
The windows:
UV & visible: 0.30-0.75 mm
Near infrared: 0.77-0.91 mm
Mid infrared: 1.55-1.75mm,2.05-2.4 mm
Far infrared: 3.50-4.10 mm, 8.00- 9.20 mm, 10.2-12.4 mm
Microwave: 7.50-11.5 mm, 20.0+mm

• X-Rays and UVare very strongly absorbed and Gamma Rays and IR are
somewhat less strongly absorbed.
• The atmospheric windows are important for RS sensor design
Energy interaction with earth surface features:-

 Reflection

 Absorption

 Transmission

 Emission
Energy interaction with earth surface features:-

 All EM energy reaches earth's surface must be reflected, absorbed, or

transmitted

• The proportion of each depends on:

o The spectral reflectance properties of the surface materials

o The surface smoothness relative to the radiation wavelength
o Wavelength
o Angle of illumination
Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features:-
 1.Reflection

 Light ray is redirected as it strikes a nontransparent surface.

 Albedo - Spectral reflectance R (λ): the average amount of incident

radiation reflected by an object at some wavelength interval.

R (λ) = ER (λ) / EI (λ) x 100

Where
ER(λ) = reflected radiant energy
EI (λ) = incident radiant energy
Reflectance:-
 Reflection occurs when incoming energy bounces off a surface
and is reflected back. The amount of reflection varies with:
 Wavelength of Energy
 Geometry of the Surface
 Surface Materials
 The color of an object is actually the wavelengths of the light
reflected while all other wavelengths are absorbed.
• Geometry
 The surface geometry of an object is an important consideration
when discussing reflectance. This is primarily a function of the
surface roughness of an object.
 Specular reflectors:-

 Specular reflectors are flat surfaces that produce mirror like

reflections. Mirrors and calm surfaces of lakes are specular
reflectors and produce mirror-like reflections. On an ideal
specular reflector the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
Diffuse or Lambertian Reflectors:-
 Diffuse or Lambertian reflectors are rough surfaces that reflect
uniformly in all directions. Most surfaces are idealized diffuse
or lambertian reflectors.
 Most of the surfaces on earth are neither perfectly specular or
diffuse reflector but their characteristics are somewhere in
between.
Specular versus diffuse reflectance:-
Irradiance vs radiation vs reflectance:-
Irradiance vs radiation vs reflectance:-
 The total quantity of incoming energy (light) from the sun is known as
irradiance. Satellites measure radiance (brightness), or the amount of light.
Objects on the ground are often characterized by their reflectance, or the
percentage of the total energy that is reflected. The atmosphere affects the
radiance received by the sensor in two ways:
 It can reduce (or attenuates) the energy
 Atmosphere itself is a reflector, adding energy or “path radiance” to the signal
detected by the sensor in remote sensing we are generally interested in the
reflectance characteristics of surface features. Reflectance is the percent of
incoming incident energy that is reflected. This is always measured as a
function of wavelength and is given as a percent.
2. Transmission
Radiation passes through a substance without significant
attenuation

• Transmittance (t):

t = transmitted radiation/ incident radiation

3. Absorption
Absorption Reflection + Transmission + Absorption = 100%

4. emission
 Transmission, Reception and Processing :-
 Remotely sensed data may be collected using onboard aircraft remote
sensors/cameras and/or onboard satellite remote sensor. Aircraft remote
sensing system may also referred to us suborbital or airborne & aerial remote
sensing system. Satellite remote sensing system may also be referred to as
orbital or satellite-borne remote sensing system Aircrafts and satellites are
non as sensor platform data obtained during airborne remote sensing mission
can be retrieved once the aircraft lands. It can then be process delivers to the
end-user. However , data acquired from satellite platform to buy electronically
transmitted to the earth. Since the satellite continues to stay in orbit during its
operational lifetime. The technologies designed to accomplish this can also be
used by and aerial platform if the data are urgently needed on the surface.

 There are three main option for transmitting data acquired by satellite to the
surface figure. The data can be directly transmitted to the earth if a ground
receiving station GRS is in the line of sight of the satellite (A) if this not the
case, the data can be record board the satellite (B) for transmission to Grs at a
later time. Data can also be relayed to the GRS though the tracking and data