ADAMA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

(ASTU)

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM AND VIHICLE ENGINEERING
Programs: PhD in Agricultural Machinery Engineering

Review on Sampling and Sampling Methods

Courses: Research and Experimental Design (AME-7101)
 

Checked By: Mengistu Sime Biratu (PhD), Associate Professor of Agronomy

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Cell phone: +251 911 64 30 52/949 80 95 25

  Present By: Biniam Zewdie (MSc)

November 2021
Adama, Ethiopia
 PRESENTATION OUTLINES

1. SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY

2. PURPOSE OF SAMPLING

3. STAGES OF SAMPLING PROCESS

4. SAMPLING METHODS
a. Probability Sampling
b. Non Probability Sampling
 Sampling Statistic:
Sampling unit
Sampling Terminology
Sampling With Replacement (SWR)
Parameter:
Sampling Without Replacement
(SWOR)
Bias in sampling Estimato
Estimate r
Sample surveys
Sampling strategy
Complete enumeration or
census

Representative sample:
Sampling frame:
 Sampling Terminology
 Population: Collection of all the sampling units in a given
region at a particular point of time or a particular period is
called the population. Population can be finite or infinite.

 Sample: a finite part of a population or a subset of a set

of sampling units selected by some process/sampling
Meth.

 Sampling is a device which makes one able to draw

inferences about the whole population simply by
observing or measuring a few of the sampling units
 Cont.….Sampling
o Sampling: It is the Terminology
process of selecting the sample for
estimating the population characteristics.
o In other words, it is the process of obtaining information
about an entire population by examining only a part of it.
 Sampling unit: An element or a group of elements on
which the observations can be taken is called a sampling
unit.
Sampling Unit: Elementary units or group of such units
which besides being clearly defined, identifiable and
observable, are convenient for purpose of sampling are
called sampling units.
 Cont.….Sampling
Terminology
 Statistic: Characteristics of the sample. For example,
sample Mean, proportion, etc.

 Parameter: Characteristics of the population. For

example, population Mean, proportion, etc.

Sampling frame: The list of all the units of the

population to be surveyed constitutes the sampling
frame.
Estimator: An estimator is a rule or method of
estimating a population parameter
 Cont.….Sampling
Estimate: A Terminology
particular value of an estimator
obtained from a set of values of a random sample
is known as estimate
 Sample surveys collect information on a fraction of the
total population.

 Sample Survey: An investigation in which elaborate

information is collected on a sample basis is known as
sample survey.
 Complete enumeration/Census collects information on
the whole population
 The complete count of the population is called a census.
Cont.….Sampling
Terminology
 Cont.….Sampling
Terminology
o Bias in sampling: Bias in sampling is a systematic
error in sampling procedures that lead to a
distortion in the result of the study

Representative sample: When all the salient

features of the population are present in the
sample, then it is called a representative sample.
Exercise/Brainstormin
g
 Cont.….Sampling
Terminology
TargetPopulation: A target population is the entire group
about which information is desired and conclusion is
made.

 Sampled Population: The population, which we actually

sample, is the sampled population. It is also called survey
population.
o Sampling With and Without Replacement (SWOR or SWR)
o Sampling without replacement (‘SWOR' - no element can be
selected more than once in the same sample)
o Sampling with replacement (‘SWR' - an element may appea
multiple times in the one sample).
 2. PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
The basic purpose of sampling is to provide an
estimate of the population parameter and to test the
hypothesis. Advantages of sampling are ;
Save time and money.
Enable collection of comprehensive data.
Enable more accurate measurement as it conducted
by trained and experienced investigators.
Sampling remains the only way when population
contains infinitely many members.
It provides a valid estimation of sampling error.
3. STAGES OF SAMPLING
PROCESS
The sampling process comprises
several stages-
1. Define the population.
2. Specifying the sampling frame.
3. Specifying the sampling unit.
4. Selection of the sampling method.
5. Determination of sample size.
6. Specifying the sampling plan.
7. Selecting the sample.
4.
 1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
 The word random describes the procedure used to
select elements (participants, cars, test items) from a
population.
With simple random sampling, each individual in the
population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
The four steps of simple random sampling are
Step 1. Defining the Population
Step 2. Constructing a List
Step 3. Drawing the Sample
Step 4. Contacting Members of the Sample
 Cont.….Simple random sampling
 Applicable when population is small, homogeneous &
readily available
 This sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to
the individuals (sample) and then randomly choosing from
those numbers through an automated process.
 Cont.….Simple random sampling
•The guiding principle behind this technique is that
each element must have an equal and non-zero
chance of being selected.

•This can be achieved by applying a table of

random numbers or lottery system or a
computer generated random numbers to a
numbered sampling frame.

•Another approach involves drawing numbers from

a container.
The product of this technique is a sample
determined entirely by chance.
2.
 Systematic sampling Cont.….
The systematic random sampling technique begins
with selecting one element at random in the sampling
frame as the starting point;
however, from this point onward, the rest of the
sample is selected systematically by applying a
predetermined interval.
For example, in this sampling technique, after the
initial element is selected at random, every “kth”
element will be selected (kth refers to the size of the
interval - the ratio of the population to sample size)
and becomes eligible for inclusion in the study.
 Systematic sampling cont…

The “kth ” element is selected through the end of

the sampling frame and then from the beginning
until a complete cycle is made back to the
starting point (that is, the place where the
initial random selection was made).
 If there is a cyclic repetition in the sampling
frame, systematic sampling is not recommended.
 3. Stratified Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling is a form of probability
sampling in which individuals are randomly selected from
specified subgroups (strata) of the population.
This method can be used to increase the representativeness
of the sample and/or to allow comparisons to be made
among individuals in the different strata.
 Stratified Random Sampling Cont...
 To stratify means to classify or to separate people
into groups according to some characteristics, such as
position, rank, income, education, sex, or ethnic
background.

These separate groupings are referred to as subsets or

subgroups (strata).

A random sample is selected from each stratum based

upon the percentage that each subgroup represents in
the population.
Stratified Random Sampling Cont...
 Stratified Random Sampling Cont...
Stratified random sampling begins with the
identification of some variable, which may be related
indirectly to the research question and could act as a
confounder (such as geography, age, income, ethnicity,
or gender).
Once the sampling frame is arranged by strata, the
sample is selected from each stratum using simple
random sampling or systematic sampling techniques.

 Stratifiedrandom samples are generally more accurate in

representing the population than are simple random samples.
Stratified Random Sampling Cont...
 4. Cluster sampling
Itmay be difficult or impossible to take a simple random
sample of the units of the study population at random,
because a complete sampling frame does not exist.

Logistical difficulties may also discourage random

sampling techniques (e.g., interviewing people who are
scattered over a large area may be too time-consuming).
However, when a list of groupings of study units is
available (e.g., villages or schools) or can be easily
compiled, a number of these groupings can be randomly
selected.
Cluster sampling Cont...
Cluster sampling Cont...
Cluster sampling Cont...
Multistage sampling
Multistage sampling
1.
 2. Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is quick and inexpensive because
it involves selecting individuals who are readily available
at the time of the study (such as introductory psychology
students)
Sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling or
accidental or haphazard sampling.
The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically
make generalizations about the total population from this
sample because it would not be representative enough.
Convenience Sampling
 Quota sampling involves the selection of a certain
percentage of individuals from specified subgroups of the
population when the population is large and lists of
members are not available.
 Many polling organizations use this technique.
Snowball sampling Cont...
Thank You