Lecture 5

SMPS,BIOS,Expansion Slots
 SMPS
(SWTCHED - MODE POWER
SUPPLY)
An OVERVIEW

A Power supply or SMPS is a

transformer and voltage control
device in a computer that
furnishes power to all the
electronic components by
converting them into low voltage
DC (direct current) supply.
SMPS and Linear Power Supply
 A switched-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic
power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching
regulator.
 While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage
by dissipating excess power in a "pass" power transistor, the
SMPS rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation
(full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle
whose average is the desired output voltage. The resulting
rectangular waveform is low-pass filtered with an inductor
and capacitor.
Advantage and Disadvantage
 The main advantage of this method is greater
efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates
little power in the saturated state and the off state
compared to the semiconducting state (active region).
 Other advantages include smaller size and lighter
weight (from the elimination of low frequency
transformers which have a high weight) and lower
heat generation from the higher efficiency.
 Disadvantages include greater complexity, the
generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy
that the low-pass filter must block to avoid EMI, and a
ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the
harmonic frequencies thereof.
Applications


Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal computers
often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from
most mains supplies throughout the world, with rated frequencies from
50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a manual
voltage "range" switch may be required). In practice they will operate
from a much wider frequency range and often from a DC supply as well.
In 2006, Intel proposed the use of a single 12 V supply inside PCs, due
to the high efficiency of switch mode supplies directly on the PCB.
 Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a DC-DC
converter on the motherboard, to step down the voltage from the PSU or
the battery to the CPU core voltage -- as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage
CPU to typically 1.2-1.5 V for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop
computers also have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the
battery to drive the backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.
Applications


Certain applications, such as in automobile industry and in some
industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and
interference and ease the integration of capacitors and batteries
used to buffer the voltage. Most small aircraft use 28 volt DC,
but larger aircraft often use 120 V AC at 400 Hz, though they
often have a DC bus as well. Some submarines like the Soviet
Alfa class submarine utilised two synchronous generators
providing a variable three-phase current, 2 x 1500 kW, 400 V,
400 Hz.
 In the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent
regulation of the power supply by using a variac. For example, in
some models made by Philips, the power supply starts when the
voltage reaches around 90 volts. From there, one can change the
voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and as high as
260, and the image will show absolutely no alterations.
BIOS
BIOS & CMOS

SETTINGS
What is BIOS ???
• The term is incorrectly known as Binary Input/Output System, Basic
Integrated Operating System and occasionally Built In Operating System.
BIOS refers to the firmware code run by an IBM PC when first powered
on.
• The primary function of the BIOS is to identify and initiate component
hardware (such as hard disk, floppy and optical disk drives). This is to
prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various
media can load, execute, and assume control of the PC. This process is
known as booting, or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.
• BIOS can also be said to be a coded program embedded on a chip that
recognizes and controls various devices that make up x86 personal
computers.
• Among other classes of computers, the generic terms boot monitor,
boot loader or boot ROM were commonly used. Some Sun and Macintosh
PowerPC computers used Open Firmware for this purpose.
What BIOS does ???
• The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is
to load the operating system. When you turn on your computer and the
microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it has to get that instruction
from somewhere. It cannot get it from the operating system because the operating
system is located on a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it without
some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions.
• Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include: A power-on self-
test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make
sure everything is working properly
• Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For
example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips.
• Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to
different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name.
• They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and
parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting.
• Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.
Continue ……
• The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware
components of your computer with the operating system. It is
usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but
sometimes the chip is another type of ROM.
• When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things.

This is its usual sequence:

1 Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings
2 Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
3 Initialize registers and power management
4 Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
5 Display system settings
6 Determine which devices are bootable
7 Initiate the bootstrap sequence
BIOS is like this on screen
Bios MAIN MENU 
BIOS POWER MENU 
BIOS BOOT MENU 
Bios EXIT MENU 
VARIOUS
TYPES OF
SLOTS
 EXPANSION SLOTS:-

An expansion slot in an opening in an computer

where an circuit board can be inserted to add
new capabilities to the computer like upgrading
the quality of pc-s graphics,sounds,connection
to a local network etc. Inside the expansion slots
there are metallic spring fingers that clam on to
the expansion card when it is inserted in to the
slot.
EXPANSION SLOTS :-

A personal computer has expansion

slots of different shapes and different
sizes:

 Industry standard Architecture

(ISA)
 Accelerated Graphic Port(AGP)
 Peripheral Component
Interconnect(PCI)
 Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express(PCIe)
 ISA SLOT:-
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) was a computer bus standard for IBM compatible computers.
ISA expansion slots are 8-bit and 16-bit bus slots found in older computers. The ISA bus operates at
8MHz

Above is a picture of three ISA slots. These are used for adding ISA expansion cards. ISA stands for
Industry Standard Architecture. PCIe and PCI slots are newer and faster than ISA slots. They have
replaced the older ISA standard.

EISA is built on the ISA bus; the connector has the same dimensions and old ISA cards fit into the
slots . It is 32 bit wide.
 AGP SLOTS:-

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, an interface specification developed by Intel

Corporation.

AGP is based on PCI, but is designed especially for the throughput demands of 3-
D graphics.

The AGP channel is 32 bits wide and runs at 66 MHz .This translates into a total
bandwidth of 266 MBps, as opposed to the PCI bandwidth of 133 MBps. AGP
also supports two optional faster modes, with throughputs of 533 MBps and 1.07
GBps. In addition, AGP allows 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather
than video memory.
 AGP SLOTS:-

 AGP has a couple important system requirements:

 The chipset must support AGP.

 The motherboard must be equipped with an AGP bus

slot or must have an integrated AGP graphics system.
 Theoperating system must be the OSR 2.1 version of
Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows NT 4.0. And
currently, many professional Macintoshes support AGP.
 PCI SLOTS:-
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect ) slots are
used for peripherals like video cards, sound cards,
internal modems, etc.
It is a local bus standard developed by Intel
Corporation. and replaces the ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture bus), the bus architecture used in the IBM
PC/XT and PC/AT.

PCI is a 64-bit bus, though it is usually implemented

as a 32-bit bus. It can run at clock speeds of 33 or 66
MHz .

At 32 bits and 33 MHz, it yields a throughput rate of

133 MBps.
 PCIx:-

PCI-X (Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended) is a computer bus or

expansion card technology that increases the speed that data can move within a
computer from 66 MHz to 133 MHz.

The technology was developed jointly by IBM, HP, and Compaq.

PCI-X doubles the speed and amount of data exchanged between the computer
processor and peripherals.

With the current PCI design, one 64-bit bus runs at 66 MHz and additional
buses move 32 bits at 66 MHz or 64 bits at 33 MHz.

The maximum amount of data exchanged between the processor and

peripherals using the current PCI design is 532 MB per second.

With PCI-X, one 64-bit bus runs at 133 MHz with the rest running at 66 MHz,
allowing for a data exchange of 1.06 GB per second.
 PCI Express:-
An I/O interconnect bus standard (which
includes a protocol and a layered
architecture) that expands on and doubles the
data transfer rates of original PCI.
PCI Express, officially abbreviated as PCI-
E or PCIe, is a computer expansion card
interface format introduced by Intel in 2004.
PCI Express was designed to replace the
general-purpose PCI expansion bus, the
high-end PCI-X bus and the AGP graphics A PCI Express x16 slot
card interface. Unlike previous PC expansion
interfaces, rather than being a bus it is
structured around point-to-point serial links
called lanes.
A PCI Express x1 slot
 PCIe
 The PCI-E slots can speed up the flow of digital information between your
peripheral devices and the CPU because each one has dedicated bandwidth to the
computer’s memory.
 The older PCI slots had to share bandwidth, but the new PCI-Express slots can link
together to provide a more direct and faster connection.
 The PCI-Express standard can also work with existing software designed for the
older PCI bus. However, since it uses a physical bus capable of handling a high-
speed (2.5 Gb/s) data signal, the connecting slots themselves are not compatible, so
Consumers can plug smaller connectors from PCI devices into the larger PCI-E host
connectors on the motherboard
 PCIe
 The initial rollout of PCI-Express provides three consumer flavors: x1, x2, and
x16. The number represents the number of lanes:
 x1 has 1 lane; x2 has 2 lanes, and so on. Each lane is bi-directional and consists
of 4 pins. Lanes have a delivery transfer rate of 250 MB/ps in each direction for
a total of 500 MB/ps, per lane.
 PCIe Lanes Pins MB/ps Purpose
 x1 1 4 500 MB/ps Device
 X2 2 8 1000 MB/ps = 1 GB/ps Device
 x16 16 64 8000 MB/ps = 8 GB/ps Graphics Card

 The 16-lane (x16) slot replaces the AGP for PCIe graphics cards, while the x1 and
x2 slots will be used for devices
Video Adapter
 a video adapter is an internal circuit board that allows
a display device such as a monitor to display images
from the computer.
 video cards are most commonly connected to the AGP,

PCI, or PCIe expansion slot on the motherboard,

however, can also be found on-board.
 this video card has three connections on the back, the standard VGA connector, S-
Video connector, and the DVI connector. In this example, the card connects into the
AGP slot on the computer motherboard.

 S-Video:is short for Super Video and is a round connector interface and cable that
transmits video luminance (Y) and chrominance (C) signals separately. When
received by the TV or other display device this generates a better picture.
 DVI:DVI is a digital connection used to connect a computer to devices such as
projectors, TVs
 Graphics Processing Unit, GPU is a single chip processor located on the video
card that handles the processing for 2D or 3D graphics. By having a separate
processor on the video card the main computer CPU can handle all other important
tasks
Sound Adapter
 The sound card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send
audio information to any compatible audio device such as a set of
speakers.
 A sound card is rectangular in shape with numerous contacts on the bottom
of the card and multiple ports on the side for connection to audio devices
such as speakers.
 The sound card installs in a PCI slot on the motherboard.
 Most sound cards have ports for a joystick, speaker, microphone and an
auxiliary device.
 Device Driver
 A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is
attached to your computer.
 There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette
drives, and so on.
 When you buy an operating system, many device drivers are built into the
product. And, if you later buy a new type of device that the operating system
didn't anticipate, you'll have to install the new device driver.
 A device driver essentially converts the more general input/output instructions
of the operating system to messages that the device type can understand.
 drivers come in the form of an “.exe” or executable file. Clicking on the file
will launch an installation program.
 The program normally checks the system first to make sure the new driver is
appropriate for the installed hardware. Installation takes seconds or even less
but a reboot is typically required in order to start using the new driver.