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Chapter 4. Filtering in The Frequency Domain (1/2)

This document discusses Fourier transforms and filtering in the frequency domain. It begins with an overview of Fourier series and transforms, explaining how any periodic or non-periodic function can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines. It then covers concepts like the Fourier transform pair, impulse functions, and filtering. The document shows that the Fourier transform of a sampled function is equal to the continuous Fourier transform multiplied by a sampling function. In summary, it provides background on representing signals in the frequency domain and how sampling affects the Fourier transform.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
102 views34 pages

Chapter 4. Filtering in The Frequency Domain (1/2)

This document discusses Fourier transforms and filtering in the frequency domain. It begins with an overview of Fourier series and transforms, explaining how any periodic or non-periodic function can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines. It then covers concepts like the Fourier transform pair, impulse functions, and filtering. The document shows that the Fourier transform of a sampled function is equal to the continuous Fourier transform multiplied by a sampling function. In summary, it provides background on representing signals in the frequency domain and how sampling affects the Fourier transform.

Uploaded by

Ayoub Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 7448 – Image Processing

Chapter 4. Filtering in the


Frequency Domain (1/2)

Dec 20, 2019


Worku J (PhD)/Prof. Chung
Outline

► Fourier Transform

► Filtering in Fourier Transform Domain

2
4.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: History

► Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, French mathematician and physicist


(03/21/1768-05/16/1830) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier

Permanent
Orphaned: at nine
Secretary of the
French Academy of
Egyptian expedition Sciences: 1822
with Napoleon I:
1798 Théorie analytique
Governor of Lower de la chaleur
Egypt : 1822

(The Analytic
Theory of Heat)

3
4.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: History

► Fourier Series
Any periodic function can be expressed as the sum of
sines and /or cosines of different frequencies, each
multiplied by a different coefficients

► Fourier Transform
Any function that is not periodic can be expressed as the
integral of sines and /or cosines multiplied by a weighing
function

4
Fourier Series: Example

5
4.2 Preliminary Concepts
j  1, a complex number
C  R  jI
the conjugate
C*  R - jI

Norm | C | R 2  I 2 and   arctan( I / R) Argument of C


C | C | (cos   j sin  ) Polar coordinate form
Using Euler's formula,
C | C | e j

6
4.2.2 Fourier Series

A function f (t ) of a continuous variable t that is periodic


with period, T , can be expressed as the sum of sines and
cosines multiplied by appropriate coefficients
 2 n

ce
j t
f (t )  n
T

n 

where
2 n
1 T /2 j t
cn 
T  T / 2
f (t )e T
dt for n  0, 1, 2,...

Note: If a function f(t) is periodic with period k then for any t, f(t + k) =
f(t). 7
Example: Sine and cosine period

8
4.2.3 Impulses and the Sifting Property (1)
A unit impulse of a continuous variable t located
at t =0, denoted  (t ), defined as
 if t  0
 (t )  
0 if t  0
and is constrained also to satisfy the identity

 
 (t )dt  1 sift: - to pass [filter,
extract] something
The sifting property through a sieve [mesh,
net].

 
f (t ) (t ) dt  f (0) Ex) sift out pebbles from
sands through a sieve.


f (t ) (t  t0 ) dt  f (t0 )

9
Impulses and the Sifting Property (2)
A unit impulse of a discrete variable x located
at x =0, denoted  ( x), defined as
1 if x  0
 ( x)  
0 if x  0
and is constrained also to satisfy the identity

  ( x)  1
x 

The sifting property



x 
f ( x) ( x)  f (0)


x 
f ( x ) ( x  x0 )  f ( x0 )

10
Impulses and the Sifting Property (3)

impulse train sT (t ),



sT (t )    (t  nT )
n 

11
4.2.4 Fourier Transform: One Continuous Variable

The Fourier Transform of a continous function f (t )



F (  )  { f (t )}   f (t )e  j 2t dt Eq. (4.2-16)


The Inverse Fourier Transform of F (  )



f (t )   {F (  )}   F (  )e j 2t d 
1
Eq. (4.2-17)


Eq. (4.2-16) and (4.2-17) are called “Fourier Transform Pair”


12
Fourier Transform: One Continuous Variable
 W /2
F ( )   f (t )e  j 2t dt   Ae  j 2t dt
 W /2

A W /2 A
 e  j 2t   e jW  e  jW 
j 2 W / 2 j 2 W
sin(W )
 AW
(W )

13
Fourier Transform: Impulses

The Fourier transform of a unit impulse located at the origin:



F (  )    (t ) e  j 2t dt


 e  j 2 0
=1

The Fourier transform of a unit impulse located at t  t0 :



F (  )    (t  t0 ) e  j 2t dt


 e  j 2t0
=cos(2 t0 )  j sin (2 t0 )

14
Fourier Transform: Impulse Trains

Impulse train sT (t ), sT (t )    (t  nT )
n 
(4.2-14)

Eq. (4.2-14) can be expressed as a following


The Fourier series: Fourier series:
 2 n


j t
sT (t )  c ne T

n 

where
2 n
1 T / 2  j t
cn 
T T / 2
sT ( t )e T
dt
15
Exercise
► Determine the Fourier series of impulse
train?

16
4.2.5 Fourier Transform and Convolution

The convolution of two functions is denoted


by the operator

f (t ) h(t )   f ( ) h(t   ) d


h(t )    f ( )h(t   )d e  j 2t dt



 
 f (t )
 
  
f ( )  h(t   )e  j 2t dt d

 
=
   

= f ( )  H (  )e  j 2 d


=H (  )  f ( )e  j 2 d


=H (  ) F (  ) Its Fourier series 17


4.3 Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions

f(t): continuous
function

: train of
impulses with
period of interval

f (t )  f (t ) sT (t )

 
n 
f (t ) (t  nT )

= sampled function

f(k)= sample values

18
Exercise:
► Determine the Fourier transform of sumpled
function?

19
4.3.2 Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions
 
F (  )   f (t )   f (t ) sT (t )  F (  ) S (  )

1 n
where, S ( ) 
T

n 
 ( 
T
)


F (  )  F (  ) S (  )   F ( ) S (    ) d



1  n
=
T  F ( ) n

 (  
T
)d

1  n
=
T

n 

F ( ) (    
T
) d

1 n
=
T

n 
F ( 
T
)
20
Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions
► A bandlimited signal is a signal whose Fourier transform
is zero above a certain finite frequency. In other words, if
the Fourier transform has finite support then the signal is
said to be bandlimited.

An example of a simple bandlimited signal is a sinusoid of


the form,
x(t )  sin(2 ft   )
21
Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions

 max max

Over-sampling
1
 2  max
T
 ( ) 
F

1 n
T

n 
F ( 
T
)

Critically-sampling
1
 2  max
T

under-sampling
1
 2  max
T 22
4.3.4 Aliasing

If a band-limited function is sampled at a rate that is less


than twice its highest frequency under-sampling
1
 2  max
T

The inverse transform will yield a corrupted function. This


effect is known as frequency aliasing or simply as
aliasing.

23
4.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of One Variable

M 1
F (  )   f ( x)e  j 2 x / M ,  0,1,..., M  1 (4.4-6)
x 0

M 1
1
f ( x) 
M
 F (
 0
 ) e j 2 x / M
, x  0,1, 2,..., M  1 (4.4-7)

24
Ex. 4.4 : The mechanics of computing the DFT ★★★

M 1
F (  )   f ( x)e  j 2 x / M ,  0,1,..., M  1
x 0

25
Ex. 4.4 : The mechanics of computing the DFT
M 1
1
From eq.(4.4-7), f ( x) 
M
 F
 0
(  ) e j 2 x / M
, x  0,1, 2,..., M  1

26
4.5.1 2-D Impulse and Sifting Property: Continuous

 if t  z  0
The impulse  (t , z ),  (t , z )  
0 otherwise
 
and    
 (t , z )dtdz  1

The sifting property


 
 
 
f (t , z ) (t , z )dtdz  f (0, 0)
and
 
 
 
f (t , z ) (t  t0 , z  z0 )dtdz  f (t0 , z0 )

27
4.5.1 2-D Impulse and Sifting Property: Discrete

1 if x  y  0
The impulse  ( x, y ),  ( x, y )  
0 otherwise

The sifting property


 


x  y 
f ( x, y ) ( x, y )  f (0, 0)

and
 


x  y 
f ( x, y ) ( x  x0 , y  y0 )  f ( x0 , y0 )

28
4.5.2 2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous

 
F (  , )    f (t , z ) e  j 2 (  t  z )
dtdz
 

and
 
f (t , z )    f (  , )e j 2 (  t  z )
d  d
 

29
2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous
 
F (  , )    f (t , z )e  j 2 ( t  z ) dtdz
 
T /2 Z /2
  Ae  j 2 ( t  z ) dtdz
T /2  Z /2

 sin(T )   sin( T ) 
 ATZ     T 
  T  

30
4.5.3 2-D Sampling and 2-D Sampling Theorem

2  D impulse train:
 
sT Z (t , z )     (t  mT , z  nZ )
m  n 

31
2-D Sampling and 2-D Sampling Theorem

Function f (t , z ) is said to be band-limited if its Fourier transform


is 0 outside a rectangle established by the intervals [-max ,max ]
and [- max , max ], that is
F (  , )  0 for |  |  max and |  |  max

Two-dimensional sampling theorem:


A continuous, band-limited function f (t , z ) can be recovered with
no error from a set of its samples if the sampling intervals are
1 1
T< and Z<
2max 2 max
32
4.5.4 2-D Sampling and 2-D Sampling Theorem

a) FT of over-sampled b) FT of under-sampled
function band-limited function

33
Aliasing in Images: Example

Re-sampling

34

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