Chapter 4. Filtering in The Frequency Domain (1/2)
Chapter 4. Filtering in The Frequency Domain (1/2)
► Fourier Transform
2
4.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: History
Permanent
Orphaned: at nine
Secretary of the
French Academy of
Egyptian expedition Sciences: 1822
with Napoleon I:
1798 Théorie analytique
Governor of Lower de la chaleur
Egypt : 1822
(The Analytic
Theory of Heat)
3
4.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: History
► Fourier Series
Any periodic function can be expressed as the sum of
sines and /or cosines of different frequencies, each
multiplied by a different coefficients
► Fourier Transform
Any function that is not periodic can be expressed as the
integral of sines and /or cosines multiplied by a weighing
function
4
Fourier Series: Example
5
4.2 Preliminary Concepts
j 1, a complex number
C R jI
the conjugate
C* R - jI
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4.2.2 Fourier Series
ce
j t
f (t ) n
T
n
where
2 n
1 T /2 j t
cn
T T / 2
f (t )e T
dt for n 0, 1, 2,...
Note: If a function f(t) is periodic with period k then for any t, f(t + k) =
f(t). 7
Example: Sine and cosine period
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4.2.3 Impulses and the Sifting Property (1)
A unit impulse of a continuous variable t located
at t =0, denoted (t ), defined as
if t 0
(t )
0 if t 0
and is constrained also to satisfy the identity
(t )dt 1 sift: - to pass [filter,
extract] something
The sifting property through a sieve [mesh,
net].
f (t ) (t ) dt f (0) Ex) sift out pebbles from
sands through a sieve.
f (t ) (t t0 ) dt f (t0 )
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Impulses and the Sifting Property (2)
A unit impulse of a discrete variable x located
at x =0, denoted ( x), defined as
1 if x 0
( x)
0 if x 0
and is constrained also to satisfy the identity
( x) 1
x
x
f ( x) ( x) f (0)
x
f ( x ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 )
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Impulses and the Sifting Property (3)
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4.2.4 Fourier Transform: One Continuous Variable
A W /2 A
e j 2t e jW e jW
j 2 W / 2 j 2 W
sin(W )
AW
(W )
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Fourier Transform: Impulses
e j 2 0
=1
e j 2t0
=cos(2 t0 ) j sin (2 t0 )
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Fourier Transform: Impulse Trains
Impulse train sT (t ), sT (t ) (t nT )
n
(4.2-14)
j t
sT (t ) c ne T
n
where
2 n
1 T / 2 j t
cn
T T / 2
sT ( t )e T
dt
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Exercise
► Determine the Fourier series of impulse
train?
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4.2.5 Fourier Transform and Convolution
f(t): continuous
function
: train of
impulses with
period of interval
f (t ) f (t ) sT (t )
n
f (t ) (t nT )
= sampled function
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Exercise:
► Determine the Fourier transform of sumpled
function?
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4.3.2 Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions
F ( ) f (t ) f (t ) sT (t ) F ( ) S ( )
1 n
where, S ( )
T
n
(
T
)
F ( ) F ( ) S ( ) F ( ) S ( ) d
1 n
=
T F ( ) n
(
T
)d
1 n
=
T
n
F ( ) (
T
) d
1 n
=
T
n
F (
T
)
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Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions
► A bandlimited signal is a signal whose Fourier transform
is zero above a certain finite frequency. In other words, if
the Fourier transform has finite support then the signal is
said to be bandlimited.
max max
Over-sampling
1
2 max
T
( )
F
1 n
T
n
F (
T
)
Critically-sampling
1
2 max
T
under-sampling
1
2 max
T 22
4.3.4 Aliasing
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4.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of One Variable
M 1
F ( ) f ( x)e j 2 x / M , 0,1,..., M 1 (4.4-6)
x 0
M 1
1
f ( x)
M
F (
0
) e j 2 x / M
, x 0,1, 2,..., M 1 (4.4-7)
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Ex. 4.4 : The mechanics of computing the DFT ★★★
M 1
F ( ) f ( x)e j 2 x / M , 0,1,..., M 1
x 0
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Ex. 4.4 : The mechanics of computing the DFT
M 1
1
From eq.(4.4-7), f ( x)
M
F
0
( ) e j 2 x / M
, x 0,1, 2,..., M 1
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4.5.1 2-D Impulse and Sifting Property: Continuous
if t z 0
The impulse (t , z ), (t , z )
0 otherwise
and
(t , z )dtdz 1
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4.5.1 2-D Impulse and Sifting Property: Discrete
1 if x y 0
The impulse ( x, y ), ( x, y )
0 otherwise
x y
f ( x, y ) ( x, y ) f (0, 0)
and
x y
f ( x, y ) ( x x0 , y y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
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4.5.2 2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous
F ( , ) f (t , z ) e j 2 ( t z )
dtdz
and
f (t , z ) f ( , )e j 2 ( t z )
d d
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2-D Fourier Transform: Continuous
F ( , ) f (t , z )e j 2 ( t z ) dtdz
T /2 Z /2
Ae j 2 ( t z ) dtdz
T /2 Z /2
sin(T ) sin( T )
ATZ T
T
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4.5.3 2-D Sampling and 2-D Sampling Theorem
2 D impulse train:
sT Z (t , z ) (t mT , z nZ )
m n
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2-D Sampling and 2-D Sampling Theorem
a) FT of over-sampled b) FT of under-sampled
function band-limited function
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Aliasing in Images: Example
Re-sampling
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