LATHE MACHINE OPERATION

BRIEF HISTORY

The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to the

Egyptians and known and used in Assyria, Greece, the
Roman and Byzantine Empires.
The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BC when
the Egyptian first developed a two-person lathe. One
person would turn the wood work piece with a rope while
the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood.
 WHAT IS LATHE MACHINE

A lathe is a machine tool which spins the work

piece to perform various operations such as cutting,
sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools
that are applied to the work piece to create an object
which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.
TYPES OF A LATHE MACHINE

Bench lathe - a small lathe usually mounted on a bench

and is use for a small work.
Engine lathe – larger than bench lathe and is the
machine tool on which many lathe operation are done
Precision tool room lathe – equipped with additional
attachment needed for tool and die making operation
Turret lathe – a special lathe design to perform a
number of operation on a single work piece
 Types of lathe machine

Bench lathe - a small lathe usually mounted on a

bench and is use for a small work.
Engine lathe – larger than bench lathe and is the
machine tool on which many lathe operation are done
Precision tool room lathe – equipped with additional
attachment needed for tool and die making operation
Turret lathe – a special lathe design to perform a number of
operation on a single work piece
Parts of lathe machine
PARTS OF A LATHE MACHINE
Spindle Speed Selector –
The spindle speed selector allows the operator to
adjust the spindle speed of the machine.
Headstock
The headstock houses the spindle and the components
which drive the spindle and the feed gears.
Carriage
The carriage houses the saddle, the cross slide, and the
apron. The main function of the carriage is to position the tool
along the lathe bed.
Cross Slide
The cross slide allows for tool travel 90 degrees to the bed of
the lathe. The cross slide makes up the X axis of the machine. The
X axis of the machine controls the diameter of your work.
Tool Post
The tool bit is mounted in the toolpost (1) which may be of the
American lantern style, traditional four-sided square style, or a quick-
change style such as the multifix arrangement pictured. The advantage
of a quick change set-up is to allow an unlimited number of tools to be
used (up to the number of holders available) rather than being limited to
one tool with the lantern style, or to four tools with the four-sided type.
Interchangeable tool holders allow all tools to be preset to a center
height that does not change, even if the holder is removed from the
machine.
TAIL STOCK
The tailstock is used to support the right end of the work.
The tailstock is also used for tool-holding for machining
operations, such as drilling, reaming, and tapping.
LEAD SCREW
The lead screw transmits power from the headstock to
the carriage for screw thread cutting operations. On some
lesser types of lathes the feed rod and the lead screw are
used for both the feed and the screw cutting power
transmission.
FEED SELECTOR
The feed mechanisms move the tool along the ways of the
lathe automatically. Through the use of gear settings we can
control the rate of the feed. Lathe feed settings are generally
configured in two ways: levers and quick change gear boxes.
 COMPOUND REST
The compound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can
be swiveled to any angle. The compound is typically used for
cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when
cutting threads. The compound rest can only be fed by hand.
There is no power to the compound rest.
BED
A bed of a lathe comprises a concrete base block and a metal body
provided with guide ways for guiding movable lathe elements such as bed
slides or the like. The guide-ways are formed by horizontal parallel grooves
provided in the front face of the metal body, each groove having opposite
side walls and a bottom wall. The metal body has a bottom face fixed on a
conforming top surface of the concrete block by a plastic adhesive which
constitutes the sole and exclusive means for transferring forces between
the metal body and the concrete block.
 SAFETY RULES APPLY INLATHE MACHINE
OPERATION

1.
1. Always
Always wearweareyeeyeprotection
protection- preferably
- preferably industrial
industrial quality
quality safety
safety glasses
glasses withwith
side-
side-shield.
shield.
2.
2. Wear short sleeve
Wear short sleeveshirts,
shirts,if ifpossible,
possible, or or shirts
shirts withwith snugly
snugly fitting
fitting cuffs
cuffs if long
if long sleeve.
sleeve.
3. Wear shoes - preferably leather work shoes - to protect your feet .
3. Wear shoes - preferably leather work shoes - to protect your feet .
4. Remove wrist watches, necklaces, chains and other jewelry.
4. Remove wrist watches, necklaces, chains and other jewelry.
5. Tie back long hair so it can't get caught in the rotating work.
5. Tie back long hair so it can't get caught in the rotating work.
6. Always double check to make sure your work is securely clamped in the chuck or
6. Always double check to make sure your work is securely clamped in the chuck
between centers before starting the lathe.
or between centers before starting the lathe.
7.
7. Get
Get in
in the
the habit
habitof ofremoving
removingthe thechuck
chuckkeykeyimmediately
immediately after use.
after use.
8.
8. Keep
Keepyour
yourfingers
fingersclearclearofof
the rotating
the rotatingwork
work andandcutting tools.
cutting tools.
9.
9. Avoid
Avoid reaching
reachingover overthe
thespinning
spinning chuck.
chuck.ForFor
filing operations,
filing operations, holdhold
the the
tangtang
end of
the
endfile in your
of the leftyour
file in handleft
sohandthat your hand
so that yourandhand
arm areandnotarmabove
are nottheabove
spinning the
chuck.
spinning chuck.
10.Never
10.Never useuseaafile
filewith
withaabare
baretang tang- the tang
- the tangcould
couldbe be
forced
forcedbackbackinto into
youryour
wristwrist
or
palm. Inexpensive
or palm. Inexpensive wooden
wooden handles are readily
handles available
are readily for common
available file sizes.
for common file
sizes.
 LATHE CUTTING TOOLS
Lathe cutting tools used for removing metals are known as tool bits, which
are made in a single point cutting tool. The tool bits are forced into the revolving
work, thus, causing it to remove an excess metal in the form of chips. The tools
must be harder than the metal to be cut. The performance of this tools has a
direct relation to the quality of work done and the rate at which it is produced.
We cannot machine a piece of work without using lathe cutting tool.

Kinds of cutting tools:

Right hand cutting tool is one which has its side cutting edge on the left
side and move from right to left direction.
 
Left hand cutting tool is one he right and move from the left to right
direction
LATHE CUTTING TOOLS
A Spring Tool or "Gooseneck
 TOOL HOLDER

A Set of Ten Tools for a Tool-Holder

The matter of grinding these tools is a very simple one.

The regular shapes, and about all the shapes that will be
needed, are shown in the engraving, Fig. 191, in which the
angle is specified. Thread tools may, of course, be added to
the list, and so also may some forms of inside boring and
threading tools.