Scribd
Upload
82 views

2.4 Exact Differential Equation

The document discusses exact differential equations (EDEs). An EDE is of the form M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0, where the partial derivatives satisfy ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x. To solve an EDE, one finds an integrating factor f(x,y) such that df = Mdx + Ndy, allowing the equation to be written as df = 0 and solved by integration. Examples are provided to demonstrate determining if a differential equation is exact and solving exact equations.

Uploaded by

Nurathirah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views

2.4 Exact Differential Equation

The document discusses exact differential equations (EDEs). An EDE is of the form M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0, where the partial derivatives satisfy ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x. To solve an EDE, one finds an integrating factor f(x,y) such that df = Mdx + Ndy, allowing the equation to be written as df = 0 and solved by integration. Examples are provided to demonstrate determining if a differential equation is exact and solving exact equations.

Uploaded by

Nurathirah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

2.

4 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Look at this
ydx  xdy  0  It is separable since
Integrate dy dx
both side 
gives us
y x
dy dx
y  x
 
c
y .
x 1
Equivalently have
dy
ydx  xdy  0  y  x  0
dx
d
 ( xy )  0
dx
d
 ( xy ) dx   0dx
dx
Solution : xy  c
c
y .
x 2
Example

x y dx  x y dy  0
2 3 3 2

d 1 3 3
 x y 0
dx  3 
d 1 3 3
 dx  3  
 x y  dx  0 dx

1 3 3
x y C
3 3
For our purposes, given an equation such as
Mdx  Ndy  0,
we want to identify the equation as being
equivalent to the statement
d  f ( x, y )   0
Definition: Exact Differential Equation
 A differential expression M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy
is an exact differential in a region R of the xy-plane
if it corresponds to the differential of some
function f(x,y).
4
 A first order differential of the form

Mdx  Ndy  0,
is said to be an exact equation if the expression
on the left-hand side is an exact differential.
Example

x y dx  x y dy  0
2 3 3 2
is an exact equation
since
1 3 3
x y dx  x y dy  d ( x y )
2 3 3 2

3 5
Theorem:
Criterion for an Exact Differential
Let M(x,y) and N(x,y) be continuous and have
continuous first partial derivatives in rectangular
region R define by a<x<b, c<y<d.
Then a necessary and sufficient condition that
M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy be an exact differential is

M N

y x

6
Examples

Determine whether the following diff. eq. is exact.

1. (2 xy  1)dx  (2 x y )dy  0
2 2

 xy 1
2. ( y ln y  e )dx  (  x ln y )dy  0
y
3. ( x  y )dx  xdy  0

7
METHOD OF SOLUTION
1. Exact Differential Equation:
M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0 ………..(*)
M N
with  .
y x
2. Find f(x,y) such that
M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  d  f ( x, y )  0
Note: f f
d  f ( x, y )  dx  dy
x y
8
(i) Since (*) is an EDE, there exists a function f for which
f
 M ( x, y )
x
ii) Find f by integrating both side.
While integrating M(x,y) with respect to x, hold y constant.

f
 x dx   M ( x, y)dx
f ( x, y )   M ( x, y )dx " g ( y )" …….(i)
Constant of
integration 9
(iii) Differentiate (i) with respect to y and assume
f
 N ( x, y )
So, y
f

y y

 M ( x, y)dx  g ( y)  N ( x, y)


g ( y )  N ( x, y )   M ( x, y )dx
y
 ……(ii)

(iv) Integrate (ii) with respect to y

 g ( y ) dy  g ( y ) 


 N ( x , y ) 


y  M ( x , y ) dx
dy.
 10
(v) Substitute g(y) in (i)

3. The implicit solution of the EDE


f ( x, y )  C Integrate
Since when Mdx  Ndy  0, both side
gives us

d  f ( x, y )   0
f ( x, y )  C
Note:
We could just as well start the foregoing procedure with
the assumption that
f
 N ( x, y ).
y 11
Examples
Determine whether the diff. eq. is exact. If it is exact,solve
it.
1. 2 xy dx  ( x  1) dy  0
2

2.  y cos x  2 xe  dx 
y

(sin x  x e  1) dy  0
2 y

3.  3y  x
2 2
 x
 5
 dy  4 dx  0 ;
 y  2y
y (1)  1
12
4. Find the value of k so that the DE is exact
 2 x  y sin xy  ky  dx 
4

(20 xy  x sin xy ) dy  0
3

5. Consider the differential equation

3xy  y  dx  ( x
2 2
 xy ) dy  0
a) Verify that the DE is not exact.
b) If the DE in (a) is multiplied by xmyn,
the new DE becomes exact.
i) Determine the value of m and n.
ii) Solve the exact DE.
13

You might also like