Case Work Intro
Case Work Intro
I. Intake
II. Study
III.Diagnosis / Assessment IV
Treatment / Intervention V
Evaluation
VI Termination and
VII Follow up
Case Work Process
I.INTAKE
Meaning:
• Intake means selecting a person (or)
• taking a person who is having problem (or)
• taking a person who is in distress (or)
• selecting an individual who is not able to cope with
his problem
Intake - Steps
1.Referral
2. Identification & Information about the client (Personal Data)
3. Family background and
4. Early family history.
A. REFERRAL
⚫ Referral means the process by which: a client is made
aware of another resource or service, and helped to make
contact with that resource to receive a needed service.
Techniques of Interviewing
5.Acceptance: Acceptance of client‟s feelings- Sympathy, empathy.
6. Assurance: Regarding the authenticity of his feelings.
7. Facilitation‟s of expression of feelings
8. Allaying feelings that are over powering (Stressful feeling can
affect the clients thinking and acting, when a clients mind is filled
with stress and strains emotions the case worker must try to reduce
his stress and strains and emotions).
5. Accrediting & building of self-confidence: (i.e. giving credit to
the clients performance, develop self confidence, finical support
i.e. children‟s education, family budget preparation etc.
6.Encouragement: While using encouragement the caseworker
has to ensure that the situations are suitable for the exercise
of those techniques.
7. Improvement of communication pattern and
Communication gap must be filled up.
8. Interruptions should be avoided while interviewing.
Principles of Interviewing
1.Privacy
2. Local language
3. Simple sentences complex sentences should be
avoided
4. Emotional questions should not be used.
5. Avoid lengthy questions
Purpose of Interviewing
i) Obtain and importing information
ii)Study and Assessment of the Client’s Situation
iii). Giving Help
Types of Interviewing
1. Direct
With Client
2. Indirect
With Family
With
collateral
B. HOME VISITS
According to Dictionary of social work (1987)
⚫In social case work, home visit is the act of going to clients
home in order to provide professional social services.
• Home visits is a valuable one as it can gives important data not only about the clients
physical environment but also the important areas of functioning of the clients at
home.
• Home visits helps to understand the circumstances at the home where he (client)
lives.
• It can also be useful in exploration to gain a view of family dynamics, physical and
social life situation of the client. Thus home visit is a part of the process of fact-
findings.
• Home visits helps to establish real friendly relationship and; it provides formal and
discrete (separate/isolate) contact
C. COLLATERAL CONTACT
⚫Collaterals are those, who, because of their special
association with the clients, in a position to furnish
information to the caseworker about the client or to help the
clients (in some way)
⚫ ii. The second one is the finding and assessment of what factors and forces deter or
thwart his motivation or his capacity or his opportunity.
⚫ (1) What the person wants and how much he wants it (motivation) in relation to the
problem to be worked out.
⚫ (2) Upon what capacities the person had (or has not) or can develop (or can‟t)
by
which to cope with the problem – to – be worked;
⚫ (3) Upon what means there are (or are not) in the aids and services, the caseworker
has on top – by which the problem to be worked or can be affected. Simultaneously it
TYPE OF DIAGNOSIS
⚫ Dynamic diagnosis
⚫ Etiological diagnosis
⚫ Classificatory
diagnosis
DYNAMIC DIAGNOSIS
(FAMILY DIAGNOSIS)
Dynamic diagnosis is a kind of cross sectional view of the forces
interacting in the client’s problem situation (Helen Harris
Perlman)
⚫ This may be immediate cause or the beginnings and the life history of the
problem; usually the problem lies in the client’s personality makeup or
functioning (Helen Harris Perlman)
⚫ disfunctioning.
Ultimate goal and Proximate goal
Improvement
For in communication
e.g. Family shouldisbe the
communication a specific
main goal of treatment
reason for .
family
⚫Change in communication requires change in perceptions
and changes in individual personality system.
⚫The worker should clear in his mind about the treatment
process to be adopted. i.e. we are dealing with the human
beings not with the static entities.
⚫Hence, goals and procedures proposed for treatment must be
subject to constant revision.
⚫The communication between the worker and the client
should be open and clear.
⚫The worker should be constantly alert, perceptive and
responsible to client‟s reactions and his desires.
OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT
A)To change or to improve the person‟s situation /
environment. Either by supplying a social resources such as
financial and or change the environment.
B)To help a person to change his attitudes or behaviour with
in the social situation either by environmental manipulation
or change the environment or direct interviewing treatment
or
C) The combination of both
D)Alleviating the clients distress and decreasing the
malfunctioning in the person – situation system.
E)To change the client‟s comfort, satisfaction and self –
realization.
TREATMENT PRINCIPLE
• Environmental manipulation
• All attempts to correct or improve the situation in order to reduce strain and pressure
and all modification of the living experience, to offer opportunities for growth or
change may be recorded as environmental manipulation.
⚫ This is the oldest and best known of the case work types
of treatment.
⚫ In the simplest form, the worker assist the client to choose and to
use of social resources afforded by the community
Counselling Techniques (Direct Treatment):
⚫ It mean “influence of mind up on mind”
Help curative
ii)
Remedial
Motivation:
• Motivation has to do with how much the client wants to change
and how willing he is to contribute to bring about change.
When the client lacks adequate information, this should be
clarified.
Resistance
• It means power of opposing force, power of withstanding force
i.e. passive resistance.
• The name resistance has been used to describe “Problems that arise
when clients, for one reasons or another, are not able to meet
the worker‟s expectations.
• Resistance often used to describe an active force within clients
that
prevents the clients from learning the true, but threatening cause
of
their problems or from accepting the “Truth” being voiced by
the worker (GOLDSTEIN)
EGO STRENGTHENING:
What is Ego?
Ego is one among the three elements of human personality. The other two are
Id and Super Ego.
What is personality?
In personality Freud deals with elements of personality system.
Sleep
⚫ Through the reality principles, behaviour become less blind and less
naïve and it was the beginning of life and Ego emerges.
⚫ The ego maintains the balance between the „id‟ and super ego in relation
to
the demands of the environment. When a person is hungry he satisfies his
hunger through socially approved ways and not by stealing food.
⚫ The ego is part of personality that mediates the demands of the id and
the
superego.
⚫ The ego maintains the balance between the “id” and super ego in relation to
the demands of the environment
The SUPER EGO – Social forces
That is
Values
Norms
Ethics
Transference
Transfer of feelings by the client to the case worker is known
as transference.
(It is one of the concepts of psycho analytical theory)
EMPATHY
⚫ Empathy means understanding others feelings
⚫ Empathy means an imaginative projection of one‟s own consciousness
in to another being.
⚫ In case work empathy means curing of client‟s feelings.
⚫ That is, “ Feel with clients. Not like the client (it means the
worker should not emotionally attached with the clients) e.g. Film
Self-Disclosure
In social work interviews the worker‟s revelation of personal
information, values, and behaviour to the client.
The profession does not decide that such revelation should or
should not be made. In certain circumstances it may be
considered useful.
However, there is some consensus that is should not occur unless it
serves a therapeutic purpose, or is designed to help achieve the
client‟s goal.
Self-disclosure is not simply providing information to another
person. Instead, scholars define self-disclosure as sharing
information with others that they would not normally know or
discover. Self-disclosure involves risk and vulnerability on the
part of the person sharing the information
Catharsis /Ventilation
Catharsis means, release of pent up feelings/ emotions
Ventilation:-
In the worker – client therapeutic relationship, the process of
permitting the client to express feelings during the description of
the problem situation. According to psychological theorist this
releases or discharges emotions that rave build up and cause the
individual to have internal stress and conflicts. It is also referred
to catharsis
Models of Treatment
i). Crisis intervention treatment model.
ii). Short-term treatment model.
iii). Hard – to reach treatment model.
i) Crisis model: (Problem solving during the state of crisis)