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Ormeryll Ilse Ornest Muhammad Imran Bin Yusoff Amirah Nabilah Binti Shan Azmawi Nur Sharsabella Binti Norasri Kasriansyah Bin Rully

(1) The walker's acceleration between points A and B is constant at 0.004ms-2. (2) Using the kinematic equation, the time taken to travel from A to B is found to be 15s. (3) Given the initial speed, final speed, time, and constant acceleration, the distance AB is calculated to be 3.75m.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views53 pages

Ormeryll Ilse Ornest Muhammad Imran Bin Yusoff Amirah Nabilah Binti Shan Azmawi Nur Sharsabella Binti Norasri Kasriansyah Bin Rully

(1) The walker's acceleration between points A and B is constant at 0.004ms-2. (2) Using the kinematic equation, the time taken to travel from A to B is found to be 15s. (3) Given the initial speed, final speed, time, and constant acceleration, the distance AB is calculated to be 3.75m.

Uploaded by

Jezzebel Junior
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PBL

Ormeryll Ilse Ornest


Muhammad Imran Bin Yusoff
Amirah Nabilah Binti Shan Azmawi
Nur Sharsabella Binti Norasri
Kasriansyah Bin Rully
INTRODUCTION
Differentiation is the action of computing a derivative. The derivative of a function y = f (x)
of a variable x is a measure of the rate at which the value y of the function changes with
respect to the change of the variable x. It is called the derivative of f with respect to x. If x
and y are real numbers, and if the graph of f is plotted against x, the derivative is the slope of
this graph at each point.

The reverse process against differentiation is called integration. In mathematics, an


integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume,
and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two
main operations of calculus; its inverse operation, differentiation, is the other.
QUESTI
ON 1
A particle P starts from rest at the point A and travels in a straight line, coming
to rest again after 10s. The velocity-time graph for P consists of two straight line
segments (see diagram). A particle Q starts from rest at A at the same instant as
P and travels along the same straight line as P. The velocity of Q is given by v =
6t − 0.6t2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10. The displacements from A of P and Q are the same
when t = 10.
(i) Show that the greatest velocity of P during
its motion is 20ms-1
   
v(t) = 6t- 0.6t 2
d = (v0 + vf)t

s(t) = = - 50 = (0 + vmax)t

s(t) = 3t2 – 0.2t3


50 = vmax
s(5) = 3(5)2 – 0.25)3
vmax = 20ms-1
= 50
(ii) Find the value of t, in the interval 0 < t < 5, for
which the acceleration of Q is the same as the
acceleration of P.
 
a(t) = 6 - 1.2t
vf = vt + at
a=
a= a = 6 – 1.2t

a = 4ms-2 4 = 6 - 1.2t
t = 1.67s
QUESTION
2
An object P travels from A to B in a time of
80s. The diagram shows the graph of v
against t, where v ms^(-1) is the velocity of
  P at time t s after leaving A. The graph
consists of straight line segments for the
intervals 0≤t≤10 and 30 ≤ t ≤ 80, and a
curved section whose equation is v = -0.02
+ t - 2 for 10 ≤ t ≤ 30. Find
Step 1: Find the time where the velocity of P is
maximum

A graph's maximum point is where the gradient of the


tangent to the graph is equal to zero and the velocity of P
is maximum. In order to find the maximum velocity of P,
the velocity function is needed to be differentiated. This is
so that the velocity function is translated into an
acceleration function.
 
Given for

 𝒅𝒗 𝒅
= ( −0.02 𝒕 2 +𝒕 − 2 )=− 0.04 𝒕 +1
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 
= the gradient function of a curve.

 
When = 0, the velocity of P is maximum.
 
So, if = , the maximum velocity of P can be identified.

(1)
t=
(0.04)

t = 25
Step 2 : Substitute
the value of t into
the velocity
function
 
𝒗 =− 0.02 𝒕 2+𝒕 – 2
2
𝒗 =−0.02 ( 25 ) + ( 25 ) −2=10.5
 

Therefore, v = 10.5ms-1
 
The distance AB = Area under the graph

To find the distance, the area under the graph must be calculated. To
find the area under the graph, the graph is split into 3 sections,
section , section , section . Thus, each sections must be calculated
separately to find the total area under the graph.

(ii) the distance AB


 
Step 1: Find the area under the graph of Section

 
When

 
Step 2: Find the area under the graph of Section

 
When
 Formula to find the area under the graph of Section = ,

  where a and b are the closed intervals within the


Step 3: Find the area domain of a function, f(x) and dx is the differential of
under the graph of the variable x.
Section  

Let the variable x = t , therefore dx = dt

Formula to integrate a function using definite integral

 ,

where f is arbitrary number, n is the exponent of the variable x and


the square bracket notation is used to indicate for substitution of
intervals into the variable of a function.
30
  1 3 1 2 30
10
[
∫ ( − 0.02𝒕 2+ 𝒕 – 2 ) 𝒅𝒕 = − 150 𝒕 + 𝒕 −2𝒕
2 ] 10

¿ ¿
 

70 560
210 ) − ( 3 )] =
3

 
The distance AB = area of section + area of section + area of
section
560
Distance AB = (250 + 30 + )m
3
= 467m
N3
A particle P travels in a straight line from A to D, passing through the points B and C. For
the section AB the velocity of the particle is (0.5t − 0.01t2) ms-1, where t s is the time after
leaving A.
(i) Given that the acceleration of P at B is 0.2ms-2, find the time taken for P to travel from
A to B. The acceleration of P from B to C is constant and equal to 0.2 ms-2.

A to B U = (0.5𝑡 − 0.01𝑡2) ms-1

P to B a = 0.2 ms-2

Find the time taken for P to travel from A to B.


 

dv/dt = 0.5t – 0.01

= 0.5 – 0.02t

= 0.5- 0.02t = 0.2

-0.02t = -0.3

t = 15s
(ii) Given that P reaches C with speed 15 ms-1, find the time taken for P
to travel from B to C. P travels with constant deceleration 0.2 ms-2 from
C to D. Given that the distance CD is 300 m, find
P reaches C u = 15ms-1
B to C a = 0.2ms-2

Find the time taken for P to travel from B to C.


Use kinematic equations = v = U + at
15ms-1 = (0.5t – 0.01t2) + 0.2t
15ms-1 = (0.5(15)-0.01 (15) + 0.2t
15ms-1 = 5.25+0.2t
9.75 = 0.2t
48.75s = t
(iii) the speed with which P reaches D,
From C to D = a = -0.2ms-2

distance C to D = 300 m

Find the speed with which P reaches D

Use kinematic equations = Vf2=Vi2+2aΔX

Vf2 = 152+2(-0.2)(300)

Vf2 = 105

Vf = 10.2ms-1
(iv) the distance AD.
Find the distance A to D.

A to B= 0.5t – 0.01t2 B to C , use kinematic equation

= 0.5t2/2 – 0.01t3/3 BC = 1/2(15+5.25) x 48.75

= 0.5(15)2/2 – 0.01(15)3/3 BC = 493.59m

= 56.25- 11.25

= 45m

C to D = 300m

Distance A to D = 45m + 493.59m + 300m

= 838.59m
QUESTION
4
A vehicle is moving in a straight line. The velocity
Vms-1 at time ts after the vehicle starts is given by,

V = A(t – 0.05t2) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 15


V = B/t^2 for t ≥ 15,

Where A and B are constants. The distance travelled by


the vehicle between t = 0 and t = 15 is 225m.
(i) Find the value of A and show that B = 3375.
 
A[] – A[] = 225

A[112.5 – 56.25] – A[0] = 225

A[] = 225

A(225) = 4(225)

A=4
 
 

V= V = A(t – 0.05t2)
= 4(15 – (0.05(15)2)
= 4 (15 – 11.25)
= 15
B = 15(15)2
B = 3375 Shown!!
(ii) Find an expression in terms of t for the total distance
travelled by the vehicle when t ≥ 15.
   

s= = 225 -
s = -3375 ()

Distance travelled = 225 + (225 - )


Distance travelled is (450 - )m
(iii) Find the speed of the vehicle when it has travelled a total
distance of 315m.
 
s = + 450 V=
315 = + 450 V=
= 135 V=
3375 = 135t V = 5.4ms-1
t=
t = 25s
5
A walker travels along a straight road passing through the points A and B on the road with
speeds 0.9ms-1 and 1.3ms-1 respectively. The walker’s acceleration between A and B is
(i) Find the time taken by theconstant
walkerand equal tofrom
to travel 0.004ms-2.
A to B, and find the distance
AB.
  V initial = 0.9ms-1 V final = 1.3ms-1 a = 0.004ms-2
 
V final = V initial + at
1.3 = 0.9 + (0.004) t
T = 100s
 
∆X = (V initial) t + at2
∆X = [(0.9) (100)] + (0.004) (100)2
∆X = 110m
 
 
(ii) A cyclist leaves A at the same instant as the walker. She starts from rest and travels
along the straight road, passing through B at the same instant as the walker. At time t s after
leaving A the cyclist’s speed is kt3 ms-1, where k is constant.

Show that when t = 64.05 the speed of the walker and the speed of the cyclist are the same,
correct to 3 significant figures.

.
V initial = 0ms-1 V final = kt3 ms-1 t = 64.05s t=
  100s

s = ∫kt3 dt Walker: Cyclist:

s = kt4/4 V = V0 + at V = kt3ms-1

110 = k (100)4/4 V = 0.9 + 0.004 (64.05) V = 4.4 x 10-6 (64.05)3

K = 4.4 x 10-6 V = 1.16ms-1 V = 1.16ms-1


 
 
(iii) Find the
cyclist’s
acceleration at the
instant she passes
through B. V = kt3
V = 4.4 x 10-6 t3 (differentiate)
a = 1.32 x 10-5 t2
a = 1.32 x 10-5 (100)2
a = 0.132ms-2
 
QUESTION 6
A particle travels in a straight line from A to B in
20s. Its acceleration t seconds after leaving A
is 𝑎 𝑚𝑠1*, where 𝑎 = (3/160)t2 – (1/800)t3. It is
given that the particle comes to rest at B.
(i) Show that the initial speed of the particle is
zero.

a = dv/dt when t = 0s, v=0, so c = 0

∫(dv/dt) = v v = (1/160)(20)3 –
(1/3200)(20)4
∫((3/160)t2 – (1/800)t3) = v
v = 0ms-1 – proved
v = (1/160)t3 – (1/3200)t4 + c
initial speed is zero
(ii) Find the maximum speed of the particle.

To get max speed dv/dt = 0


dv/dt = a
0 = (3/160)t2 – (1/800)t3
0 = (240t2 – 16t3)/12800
[0 = (240t2 – 16t3)/12800] x 12800
0 = 240t2 – 16t3
0 = t2(240-16t)
t2 = 0, 240- 16t = 0
t = 0 , t = 15
vmax = (1/160)(15)3 – (1/3200)(15)4
vmax = 5.273ms-1
(iii) Find the distance AB. v = dx/dt
∫(dx/dt) = d
∫((1/160)(20)3 – (1/3200)(20)4) = s
d = (1/640)t4 – (1/16000)t5 + c

When t = 0, s = 0, so c = 0
dAB = (1/640)(20)4 – (1/16000)(20)5

dAB = 50m
QUESTIO
N7
A car driver makes a journey in a straight line from A to
B, starting from rest. The speed of the car increases to a
maximum, then decreases until the car is at rest at B. The
distance travelled by the car t seconds after leaving A is
0.0000117(400t3 – 3t4) metres.
(i) Find the distance AB.
 

1200t2 – 12t3 = 0
12t2 (100 – t) = 0
 
12t2 = 0 100 – t = 0

t = 0 (at rest) t = 100 (at B)


 
Substitute t = 100 into 0.0000117(400t3 – 3t4)

0.0000117 (400(100)3 – 3(100)4)


=1170m
 

(ii) Find the


maximum speed of
the car.

2400t – 36t2 = 0
2400 = 36t
t (2400 – 36t) = 0
  200
𝑡=
3 t=0
 
Substitute into t = 200/3 into first derivative

v = 20.8 m/s
(iii) Find the acceleration of the car
(a) as it starts from A

 
At A, the car is at rest, so,
When t = 0
 

a = 0 m/s2
 
(b) as it arrives at B.

 
When t = 100

 
a = -1.40 m/s2
(iv) Sketch the velocity-time graph for the
journey.
QUESTION 8
A particle P moves in a straight line. It starts from rest at a
point O and moves towards a point A on the line. During
the first 8 seconds P’s speed increases to 8 ms-1 with
constant acceleration. During the next 12 seconds, P’s
speed decreases to 2 ms-1 with constant deceleration. P
then moves with constant acceleration for 6 seconds,
reaching A with speed 9.5 ms-1.
(i) Sketch the velocity-time graph for P’s motion.
The displacement of P from O, at time t seconds after P leaves O, is s meters.

V (ms-1)

t (s)
(ii) Shade the region of the velocity-time graph representing s for a
value of t where 20 ≤ t ≤ 26.
V (ms-1)

t (s)
(iii) Show that, for 20 ≤ t ≤ 26,
s = 0.375t2 - 13t + 202
 
s = Distance = Area under the graph

To find the area under the graph, the graph is split into 3 sections,
section 0 ≤ t ≤ 8, section ≤ t ≤ 20, section 20 ≤ t ≤ 26. Thus,
each section must be calculated separately to find the total area
under the graph.
Step 1: Find the area under the graph of Section 0 ≤ t ≤ 8

1
(8  8)  32
2

 
Step 2: Find the area under the graph of Section ≤ t ≤ 20
1
(8  2)(12)  60
2
1 3
( 2  [ 2  (t  20)])( t  20)
2 4
Step 3: Find the area 3
( t  11)(t  20)
under the graph of = 4
2
Section 20 ≤ t ≤ 26 0.75t 2  26t  220
=
2
= 0.375t2 - 13t + 110

 Distance = Area of section 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 + Area of section ≤ t ≤ 20 + Area of section 20 ≤ t ≤ 26

= 32 + 60 + 0.375t2 - 13t + 110

= 0.375t2 - 13t + 202

Hence, s = 0.375t2 - 13t + 202


QUESTION 9
Two cyclists P and Q travel along a straight road ABC, starting
simultaneously at A and arriving simultaneously at C. Both
cyclists pass through B 400s after leaving A. Cyclist P starts
with speed 3 𝑚𝑠12 and increases this speed with constant
acceleration 0.005 𝑚𝑠1* until he reaches B.
(I) Show that the distance AB is 1600m and find P’s speed at B
Cyclist Q travels from A to B with speed 𝑣 𝑚𝑠12 at time t seconds after leaving A, where
𝑣 = 0.04𝑡 − 0.0001𝑡* + 𝑘, and k is a constant.
 
Given; -For Vp
v=3ms-1, a=0.005ms-2, t=400s By using;
-Distance v = u + at
By using; u = v0
d = vt + (1/2)at2
vp = v0 + at
dAB = (3)(400) + (1/2)(0.005)(400)2
vp = 3 + 0.005(400)
dAB = 1600m – proved
vp = 5ms-1
(ii) Find the value of k and Cyclist P travels from B to C, a distance of
1400m, at the speed he had reached at B.
the maximum speed of Q
Cyclist Q travels from B to C with
before he has reached B. constant acceleration 𝑎 𝑚𝑠1*.

v = 0.04t – 0.0001t2 + k max speed


v = dx/dt dv/dt = 0.04 – 0.0002t
∫(dx/dt) = x
dv/dt = 0
x = 0.02t2 – (0.0001/3)t3 + kt + c
0 = 0.04 – 0.0002t
when t = 0s, x = 0, so c = 0
t = 200s
when t = 400s, x = 1600m
vmax = 0.04(200) – 0.0001(200)2 + (4/3)
1600 = 0.02(400) – (0.0001/3)(400) + k(400)
2 3

k = 4/3 vmax = 5.333ms-1


(iii) Find the time taken for the cyclists to travel
from B to C and find the value of a.
time taken for the cyclist to travel from B
to C

d = 1400 1400 = 5(t)

1400 = v0t tBC = 280s

value of a

d = 1400

1400 = vBt + (1/2)at 1400 = (4/3)t + (1/2)at


vB = 0.04(400) – 0.0001(400)2 + (4/3) 1400 = (4/3)(280) + (1/2)(280)2a
vB = 4/3 a = 0.0262ms-2
Thank You!!

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