Preparing a Research Report

A research report can be based on practical work,

research by reading or a study of an organization
or industrial/workplace situation.

I. Preliminary Section 
1. Title Page 
2. Approval sheet
3. Acknowledgments (if any) 
4.Table of Contents 
5. List of Tables (if any) 
6. List of Figures (if any) 
7. Abstract
Title: Be specific. Tell what, when, where, etc. In
one main title and a subtitle, give a clear idea of
what the paper investigated.

Acknowledgment: Include only if special help

was received from an individual or group.

Abstract: Summarizes the report including the

hypotheses, procedures, and major findings.
II. Main Body 

A. CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background
1. Introduction 
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Conceptual Framework
4. Research Paradigm
5. Statement of the Problem 
6. The hypothesis of the Study
7. Significance of the Study
8. Scope and Limitations of the Study
9. Definition of Terms
 CHAPTER II
The Review of Related Literature and
Studies

1. Foreign Literature
2. Local Literature
3. Foreign Studies
4. Local Studies
 CHAPTER III
Research Design and Methodology

1. Research Design
2. Research Locale/Locale of the
Study
3. Respondents of the Study
4. Population and Sampling
Procedure
5. Sources of Data
6. Research Instrument
7. Data Gathering Procedure
8. Statistical tool
Chapter IV. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
(Graphs, Tables, Figures and Interpretations)

Chapter V. Summary, Conclusions and

Recommendations
1. Summary of Findings
2. Conclusions
3. Recommendations

III. Reference Materials Section

a. Bibliography
b. Appendices
c. Curriculum Vitae
The Introduction:
The Introduction is not a title of a chapter.
It is actually a paragraph and side head
which begins Chapter 1. it does not only
signify the importance of the topic but shall
also cause an impact on the reader.

One may be allowed to give a personal

statement or an opinion, but it should be
backed up by statements from persons in
authority or is substantiated by documents or
records.
The introduction is the first important text that
shall be read by the readers. Therefore, its
construction should be clear and meaningful
so that the readers attention will be arrested .
Other parts of introduction:
a. Presentation of the problem
(What the problem is all about, which
indicates what will be covered by the study.
b. Rationale of the study
(The reason or reasons why it is necessary
to conduct the study must be discussed.)
c. Historical Background of the Study
( Provide the general past events as a
means to introduce your topic)
d. Existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a
felt problem that needs a solution.
(Here, you are presenting a negative
solution that needs action)
e. Geographical Conditions of the Study
(Emphasize the prevailing conditions in the
locale of the study)
f. A link between the Introduction and the
Statement of the Study.
(This is a paragraph or sentence that
provides an introduction to the statement of the
problem)

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This serves to provide parameters for the
study, guides data collection and provides a
perspective interpretation of data to enable the
researcher to structure facts into an orderly
system.
Theoretical means relating to or having the
characteristics of a theory.

Theoretical Framework:
- refers to the symbolic construction of ideas
using abstract concepts, facts or laws,
variables and their relations that explains and
predicts how an observed phenomenon exists
and operates.
- useful desire for interpreting, criticizing and
unifying established scientific laws or facts that
guide in discussing new generalizations.
 - it links a chosen topic to a body of
knowledge and published works. It is derived
from one or more theories or paradigms
through the processes of induction and
deduction. It provides the structural frame or
base of the study.
- based on actual theory
- serves as a basis for conducting and
permits empirical testing.
Conceptual Framework:
- refers to the researcher’s concepts about
the study and “operationalizes” the theory or
theories that will be used in the research
study.

- presents specific and well-defined

concepts called constructs. The variables of
the study and the expected flow of
relationships among them are shown.
Statement of the Problem: This is a general
introduction to the topic.
- the statement of the problem is what the
researcher aims to discover or establish.

The researcher should write out in simple

language just what it is he/she proposes to
investigate. It may be in the form of: (1) A
question or questions or a single question
followed by several sub-questions.
(2) A declarative statements or a series of
complete statements.

(3) A statement followed by a series of questions.

The researcher should keep away from the phrase

so to avoid the implications of initial bias since
the purpose of research is to seek an impartial
answer to the questions raised rather than to
prove something.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM
• Is a schematic chart of the constructs
presented in the Conceptual Framework,
which is also present in the statement of the
problem.
• In this portion, the researcher will now have
to draw a model of the different variables
he/she presented and how these are related to
one another.
Significance of the Study: Comment
on why this question merits
investigation.

Statement of the Hypothesis: In one

statement (not a question) declare the
question which is investigated and the
expected results. (For a null hypothesis,
no difference is predicted.)
Scope and Limitations: Explain the limitations
that may invalidate the study or make it less than
accurate.

Definition of Terms: Define or clarify any term

or concept that is used in the study in a non-
traditional manner or in only one of many
interpretations.
Review of Related Literature (and analysis of
previous research) - Gives the reader the
necessary background to understand the study
by citing the investigations and findings of
previous researchers and documents the
researcher's knowledge and preparation to
investigate the problem.

- The researcher should give a brief summary

of the related studies which have already been
done, and he/she must show their relationship to
the proposed research problem.
 CHAPTER III
Research Design and Methodology

1. Research Design
2. Research Locale/Locale of the
Study
3. Respondents of the Study
4. Population and Sampling
Procedure
5. Sources of Data
6. Research Instrument
7. Data Gathering Procedure
8. Statistical tool
Design of the Study: Gives the reader the
information necessary to exactly replicate
(repeat) the study with new data or if the same
raw data were available, the reader should be
able to duplicate the results. This is written in
past tense but without reference to or inclusion of
the results determined from the analysis.

- The researcher prompted by the desire to

solve a problem scientifically, works out research
design which refers to the entire process of
planning and carrying out a research study.
Research Design

In this study, Descriptive Quantitative research will be done to determine

the advantages of using electronic devices in supplementing education to the

……………………………….

Research Locale:

The research study will be conducted in St Rose of Lima (las pInas)

School located at ………………………………..

Description of the Research Design and
Procedures Used: Completely explain step-by-
step what was done.

Sources of Data: Give complete information about

who, what, when, where, and how the data was
collected.
- The report should also include information
about the sources of evidence. Among the
questions that should be answered are the
following: Who were the subjects? How many were
they? How were they selected? How was the
problem of missing data handled?
The Four terms, all common in research studies,
refer to individuals who agree to become part of a
research study.

1. In an experimental-type research, individuals

are usually referred to as SUBJECTS, a term
that denotes passive roles.
2. In survey research, individuals are often
referred to as RESPONDENTS because they
are asked to respond to very specific questions.
3. In naturalistic inquiry, individuals are usually
referred to as INFORMANTS, a term that reflects
the active role of informing the investigator as to
the context and its cultural rules.

4. PARTICIPANTS refer to those individuals who

enter a “collaborative” relationship with the
investigator and contribute to decision-making
regarding the research process as well as inform the
investigator about themselves. Used endogenous
and participatory action research.
Sampling Procedures: Explain how the
data was limited to the amount which was
gathered. If all of the available data were not
utilized, how was a representative sample
achieved?
- the procedures to follow in conducting
the study should likewise be explained in
complete detail. Tools, techniques, devices
and procedures to be used should be
described.
Methods and Instruments of Data Gathering:
Explain the procedures for obtaining the data
collected. Include the forms or manner by which
it was recorded.

Statistical Treatment: Explain the complete

mathematical procedures used in analyzing the
data and determining the significance of the
results.

Statistical Tools: Descriptive and Inferential

Statistics
Chapter IV. Analysis of Data
contains:

a. text 

b. tables 

c. figures
 
Analysis of Data: Describe the patterns
observed in the data. Use tables and figures to
help clarify the material when possible.

 
 Writing Chapter IV
 It is the process of organizing data into
logical, sequential and meaningful
categorizes and classifications applicable
to the study and interpretation. It is the
organization of data into proper order and
in categories reduced into forms that are
intelligible and interpretable so that the
relationships between the research specific
questions and their intended answers can
be classified.
Presentation of Data
 Before presenting data in accepted
forms especially in presenting them in
the form of statistical tables, they have
to be tallied first in a tabulation diagram
called TALLIGRAM (a contraction of
Tally and Diagram). The individual
responses to a questionnaire or
interview schedule have to be tallied
one by one.
Three Ways of Presenting the Data
 1. Textual Presentation of data – uses
statements with numerals or numbers to
describe data. The main aim is to focus to
some important data and to supplement
tabular presentations. The disadvantage,
especially if it is too long, is that it is boring to
read and the reader may not even able to
grasp the quantitative relationships of the data
presented. The reader may even skip some
statements.
 Example:
Of the 59 students, 21 or 35.59%
are BSN students, four (4) or 6.78%
are BSE students, 31 or 52.54%
are BSBA students and three(3) or
5.08% are engineering students.
2. Tabular Presentation
A statistical table or table is a
systematic arrangement of related data
in which classes of numerical facts are
each given a row and their subclasses
are each given a column, to represent
the relationship of the numerical facts
in a definite, compact and
understandable form or forms.
Advantages of Tabular Presentation of
Data

Statistical tables are concise and since data
1.
are systematically grouped and arranged,
explanatory matter is minimal.
2. Data are more easily read, understood and
compared because of their systematic and
logical arrangement into rows and columns.
The reader can understand and interpret a
great bulk of data easily because he can see
significant relationships of data at once.
 3. Tables give whole information even
without combining numerals with
textual matters.
Major Parts of a Statistical Table

1. Table number
2. Title
3. Head note or preparatory note
4. Stub
5. Box Head
6. Main Body, field or text
3. Graphical Presentation
A graph is a chart that represents the
quantitative variations or quantitative
changes of variable, in comparison with
another variable/s in pictorial or
diagrammatic form.
 The quantitative variations or changes in
the data may refer to their qualitative,
geographical or chronological attributes.
Example:
If the number of students is graphed
according to courses, then the graphing
is qualitative. If the number is graphed
according to province or origin, then the
graphing is geographical. If the number
of students is graphed according to year
level, then the graphing is
chronological.
Types of Graphs and Charts
 1 Bar Graph

 2. Linear Graphs

 3. Hundred percent graphs or charts

 4. Pictograms

 Statistical Maps

 Ration Charts
Chapter V. Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations

a. Restatement of the Problem 

b. Description of Procedures 
c. Major Findings (reject or fail to reject Ho) 
d. Conclusions 
e. Recommendations for Further Investigation

Summary and Conclusions: This section

condenses the previous sections, succinctly
presents the results concerning the hypotheses,
and suggests what else can be done.
Restatement of the Problem: This is a short
reiteration of the problem.

Description of the Procedures: This is a brief

reiteration of important elements of the design of
the study.

Major Findings: The final results from the analysis

are presented, the hypothesis stated, and the
decision about the rejection or the failure to reject
the hypothesis is given.
Conclusions: Comments about the implication of
the findings are presented.

Recommendations for Further Investigation:

From the knowledge and experienced gained in
undertaking this particular study, how might the
study have been improved or what other possible
hypotheses might be investigated?
 C. Reference Section
1. End Notes (if in that format of citation)
2. Bibliography or Literature Cited
3. Appendix 
End Notes: These are like footnotes but are
located at the back rather than the bottom of each
page. These would include all of the references for
all works cited in the Review of Related Literature
or any other sections of the report as well as the
references for quotations, either direct or indirect,
taken from other sources, or any footnote
comments that might have been included. These
are listed in numeric order as presented in the text.
Bibliography or Literature Cited: These are
the bibliographic reference for each of the
works cited in the End Notes.

Appendix: Any tables, figures, forms, or

other materials that are not totally central to
the analysis but that need to be included are
placed in the Appendix
Research – is the continuous discovery and
exploration of the unknown.
- it entails an investigation of new facts
leading to the discovery of new ideas, new
methods, or improvements.
- Systematic study of investigation of
something for the purpose of answering
questions posed by the researcher. (Parel)
The word research comes from two words:

RE - which means “again”

SEARCH - which means “to look for”

it implies that research topics are not new

or such topics have been discussed before
so a person has to search again to take
another careful look and to find out more
about the topic.
The Researcher:
- person who has an inquisitive mind,
one who is not satisfied until he/she has
achieved his/her goal.

Goal : to explore and gain an understanding

of human behavior and social life, and thereby
gain greater control over them.
Objectives of Research:

1. To seek new knowledge

2. To provide useful information in the form

of verifiable data.
Characteristics of Research

1. Systematic – it follows certain steps

or stages, which is observed in an
orderly manner to complete the
process.
2. Controlled – certain variables are
manipulated, classified and
categorized based on the purposes or
aims of the study.
3. Empirical – it is based on the data
gathered at the time of the study.
- It is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.

4. Logical – it is based on valid

procedures and principles to draw valid
conclusions.
- logical examination of the
procedures used in the research enables
the researcher to draw valid conclusions
which are very important for decision-
making.
5. Cyclical – it starts with a problem and
ends with a problem. Based on the
recommendation of a researcher, several
new problems may arise as other subjects
for study hence, the cycle is repeated.

6. Replicability – designs and procedures

are replicated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results.
- the similarities and differences of
replicated researches can be compared.
-the more replications of researches the more
valid and conclusive the results would be.

7. Analytical – uses proven analytical

procedures in gathering the data – whether
Historical, Descriptive and Experimental.

8. Critical Investigation – it involves careful

and precise judgment in the in-depth analysis
of natural phenomena and employs higher
order thinking skills of the researcher.
TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Basic Research – (Pure or Fundamental

research) conducted largely for the
enhancement of knowledge, and is
research which does not have immediate
commercial potential.
- for human welfare, animal welfare and
plant kingdom welfare.
- used to expand man’s knowledge, and
nor create or invent something. (not produce
results of immediate practical value.
2. Applied Research – designed to solve
practical problem of the modern world,
rather than acquire knowledge for
knowledge’s sake.
- focus on analysis and solving social and
real life problems to improve human
condition.
- generally conducted on large scale
basis, expensive, often conducted with the
support of agencies like government, public
corp. and others.
Applied Research can be further classified
as problem oriented and problem solving
research:

3. Problem Oriented Research – done by

industry apex group for sorting out problems
faced by all the companies.
Ex. Agriculture and food oriented.
4. Problem Solving – done by individual
company for the problem faced by it.
Marketing research is an example.
- the main aim of problem solving research
is to discover some solution for some
pressing practical problem.

5. Quantitative Research – based on

numeric figures or numbers.
- aim to measure the quantity or amount
and compares it with past records and tries to
project for future period.
 - the objective is to develop and employ
mathematical models, theories or hypothesis
pertaining to phenomena.
- involves the use of structured questions,
where the response options have been pre-
determined and large number of respondents
is involved.

6. Qualitative Research – presents non-

quantitative type of analysis.
 - collecting, analyzing and interpreting data
by observing what people do and say.
- refers to the meanings, definitions,
characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and
description of things.
- more subjective and uses very different
methods of collecting information, mainly
individual, in-depth interviews and focus
groups.
- small number of respondents are
interviewed in depth and or a relatively small
number of focus groups are conducted.
Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenology – a form of research in

which the researcher attempts to
understand how one or more individuals
experience a phenomenon.
ex. Interview victims of tragedy
2. Ethnography – focuses on describing the
culture of people. (values, norms, practices,
language and material things of a group of
people)
3. Case Study – focus on providing a
detailed account of one or more cases.
ex. Study a classroom that was given a
new curriculum for technology use.

4. Grounded Theory – based or grounded

in the observations of data from which it was
developed. It uses a variety of data sources,
including quantitative data, review of
records, interviews, observation and
surveys.
5. Historical Research – it allows one to
discuss past and present events in the context
of the present condition, and allows one to
reflect and provide

6. Descriptive Research – a study designed

to depict the participants in an accurate way. It
is all about describing people who take part in
the study.
- it can be quantitative or qualitative. It can
involve collections of quantitative information
that can be tabulated in numerical form.
Descriptive research involves gathering data
that describes events and then organizes,
tabulates, depicts, and describes the data
collection.
It often uses visual aids such as graphs and
charts to aid the reader in understanding the
data distribution.(descriptive statistics)
Systems used in Descriptive Research

a. observational – defined as a method of

viewing and recording the participants.

b. Case study – defined as an in-depth

study of a group of individuals.

c. Survey – defined as a brief interview or

discussion with an individual about a specific
topic.
Other Types of Research
7. Analytical Research
8. Fundamental research
9. Conceptual research
10. Empirical Research
11. Field-setting research or laboratory
research
12. Clinical or Diagnostic research
13. Exploratory research
14. Conclusion oriented research
15. Short term research
16. One time research or longitudinal
research
Factors that Influence the Selection of a
Research Problem:
• Availability and accessibility of data
• Time constraint
• Financial resources
• Capability of the researcher/knowledge of the
researcher
• Attitudes and interest of the researcher
• Interest of the sponsor or the benefactor
• Recency of such issues
• Cooperation of others
• Facilities and equipment
The Title of the Study

Be specific. Tell what, when, where, etc.

In one main title and a subtitle, give a clear
idea of what the paper investigated
When the researcher is able to completely
state his problem, he or she will not have any
difficulty in writing the title of the study.
Bear in mind that the title of the study
should be consistent with the statement of
the problem.
The following should be observed when
formulating the title:

1. The title must be definitive because it

serves the following purposes:
• It summarizes the content of the entire
study
• It is a frame of reference for the whole
study
• It enables you to claim the study as your
own
• It helps other researchers to refer to your
work as they survey some theories
themselves.
2. The title should be clear and specifically
stated. Variables included in the study must
be written in the title to make it more
specific.
3. The number of words in the title should
not exceed twenty (20) substantive words
and the words should be those that can be
defined easily.
Ex.
Broad Title
Leadership Dimension and Level of Job
Satisfaction of Student Council Officers

Specific Title
Leadership Dimension of Student
Council Officers and their Relationship to
Job Satisfaction of students at St. Rose
of Lima (Las Pinas) School for SY 2019 -
2020
Broad Title
Study Performance Ratings and their
College Entrance Examination Ratings

Specific Title

Study Performance Ratings of Students

of St Rose of Lima (Las Pinas) School:
Its Relationship to their College Entrance
Examination Ratings for SY 2019 - 2020.