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Phase Locked Loops (PLL)

1. Phase locked loops (PLL) allow for electronic frequency control and are used in satellite communications, airborne navigation systems, and FM communications. 2. A PLL consists of a phase detector/comparator, low pass filter, error amplifier, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO frequency is controlled by a DC control voltage. 3. In operation, the PLL compares the phase and frequency of an input signal to its output. Any difference produces an error voltage that shifts the VCO frequency until its output matches the input frequency, locking the two signals together.

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71 views

Phase Locked Loops (PLL)

1. Phase locked loops (PLL) allow for electronic frequency control and are used in satellite communications, airborne navigation systems, and FM communications. 2. A PLL consists of a phase detector/comparator, low pass filter, error amplifier, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO frequency is controlled by a DC control voltage. 3. In operation, the PLL compares the phase and frequency of an input signal to its output. Any difference produces an error voltage that shifts the VCO frequency until its output matches the input frequency, locking the two signals together.

Uploaded by

Raja Lingam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phase locked loops (PLL)

• Earlier PLL in discrete form is limited by its


high cost
• Now with advanced IC technology , PLL
are available in inexpensive monolithic ICs
• This technique for electronic frequency
control is used today in
– satellite communications systems
– Air borne navigational systems
– FM communications systems etc
Basic principles
• This system consists of phase detector/comparator,
a low pass filter, an error amplifier, & vco
VCO
• The vco is a free running multivibrator
• It operates at a set frequency fo called free running
frequency
• This frequency is determined by an timing
capacitor & resistor.
• It can be shifted to either side by applying a dc
control voltage Vc
• The frequency deviation is directly proportional to
Vc. Hence it is called VCO
operation
• If an input signal Vs of frequency Fs is
applied to PLL
• The phase detector compares the phase and
frequency of input with output Vo
• If the two signals differ in frequency or
phase, an error voltage is generated
• The phase detector is a multiplier and
produces the sum (Fs+Fo) & difference
(Fs-Fo) at its output
• The high frequency components (Fs+Fo) is
removed by the LPF & the difference frequency is
amplified
• This difference frequency is then applied as
control voltage Vc to VCO
• This signal Vc shifts the VCO frequency to reduce
the frequency difference between Fs & Fo
• Once this action starts, we can say that the signal
is in capture range.
• The vco continues to change frequency till its o/p
freq is same as i/p freq.then the circuit is said to
be locked
• Thus once locked PLL tracks the frequency
changes of input signal.
• Hence PLL goes through three stages
– Free running
– Capture
– Locked or tracking
Characteristics of PLL
• Lock in range : The range of frequency over
which the PLL can maintain lock with the
incoming signal is called lock in range or
tracking range.
• Capture range : The range of frequencies
over which the PLL can acquire with an
input signal is called the capture range.
• Pull in time : The total time taken by the
PLL to establish lock is called pull in time.
Applications of PLL
• Frequency multiplier
• Frequency synthesizer
• FM demodulation
• Frequency shift keying (FSK) demodulator
• AM detection
• Frequency translation
IC PLL-565
• The SE/NE 560,561,562,563,564,565,567
mainly differ in operating frequency range,
power supply requirement, frequency and
bandwidth.
• IC 565 is the mostly used PLL
• Here the output frequency of the vco is
given by F0 = 0.25/(RTCT) Hz
• RTCT are the external resistor connected to
pin 8 & 9
• The phase locked loop is internally broken
between the VCO output & phase
comparator input.
• The short circuit pins 4 & 5 connects vco
output to phase comparator.
• A capacitor is connected between pin 7 &
pin 10

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