Telecommunication and

Computer Networks

Dipak Kumar Nidhi

 Basics of Telecommunication
• Telecommunications is communication over a
distance
• It encompass all forms of communications and
includes communication by voice, video and
data.
• Sometimes voice and data are separated into
two categories as telecommunication and data
communication
Basics of Telecommunication
• In PSTN, voice signals emerge from a telephone as analog
signals.
• All telephones are connected to a local central office, which
has an automated switching system that connects caller to their
desired destination.
• The line circuit in central office converts analog voice signals
into digital signals.
• These digital voice signals are then sent over the digital circuits
that comprise the PSTN
Basics of Telecommunication

Telec ommunic ation and Computer Network Introduction by 4

DSBaral
 Basics of Telecommunication
• Digital data can be transmitted over a PSTN by using modems
or can be transmitted over a packet data network (or public
data network) known as PDN
• A PDN is a wide area network (WAN)
• The PDN actually uses facilities in PSTN network that have
been reserved for data transmission
• All circuits in the PSTN are digital circuits and can carry
digitized voice, data and video
• Voice communication, data communication and video
communication can be dealt separately or in a single unit as
telecommunication
 Evolution
• Telecommunication started with the invention of the telegraph
by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837.
• Morse formed a telegraph company based on his technology in
1845.
• Western Union Telegraph Company was established in 1856
and became the single largest telecommunication company in
the world.
• Morse had developed a method of transmitting information by
sending electricity over wire.
• By 1800s scientists had developed ways to generate and
transmit electricity
 Evolution
• Morse had developed a device called a repeater to regenerate
electrical signals
• Morse also developed a code known as Morse code to
represent each letter of the alphabet
• Morse code represent the alphabet as a combination of short
(dot) and long (dash) signals and they c an be visual (using
light) or electrical
• Each letter of the alphabet has a code
(Eg S is represented by three dots and O is represented by
three dashes).

• The telegraph system contained automated repeater in every

50 miles developed by Morse
 Evolution
• Elisha Gray, one of the inventor of telephone also invented a
repeater used by Western Union on its telegraph lines
• Elisha Gray’s company was Western Electric Company and he
sold his company to Bell Company in 1882
• The two state signal (short or long electrical pulses) is referred
as binary signal
• Digital signals are composed of two state signals
• Digital signals are used to send voice, data and video in today’s
telecommunications system
 Evolution
• Digital signals are basis for data communication
• Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian invented wireless telegraph
(radio) for communication purpose
• Marconi discovered how to make electric energy radiate from a
wire into air (electromagnetic radiation)
• The first radio was used as a wireless telegraph later it was
used to transmit video as television
• Once most long distance calls were carried by radio waves that
used coaxial c able or microwave radio waves as their
transmission media
 Evolution
• In 1980s, scientists developed a way to transmit voice, data
and video using light signals through a narrow tube of filled
glass ( called a glass fiber)
• Sprint was able to take advantage of fiber optic technology and
built its long distance network
• Sprint was the first interexchange carrier (IEC) with all digital
network for long distance c all
• So, the media used for telecommunication can be wire, air or
glass fiber (also known as optic al fiber)
 Invention of Telephone
• Telecommunications began with the telegraph in 1837
• In 1876, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell filed papers
with the patent office for an invention called the telephone
• Gray filed a disclosure notification and Bell’s father- in-law filed
a patent application for Bell
• The supreme court ruled in a split decision that Bell is to be
recognized as the inventor of telephone
• Western Union made many improvements to the telegraph
systems over the years
History
 Telephone Connection

• A telephone consist of a handset and its cradle with a signaling

device consisting of either a dial or push buttons
• The handset has a earpiece or receiver and a mouthpiece or
transmitter
• Mouthpiece converts the sound energy to electric energy and
earpiece converts the electric energy to sound energy
 Telephone Connection
• The transmitter requires direct current of 3-5 volts a cross its
electrodes called talk battery (it is standardized at 48 volt and is
supplied from central office when hook off)
• Let’s connect two telephone handsets by a pair of wires and at
mid distance between the handsets a battery is connected to
provide the power
 Telephone Connection
• The IR drop increases with the increase distance between
the handsets
• When we need to add third person, difficulty arises
• It is difficult to communicate between two without
disturbing other
• As stations are added to the system the selection and
altering (signaling) problem becomes quite complex
• For example, for eight subscribers, we need tomake mesh
if any subscriber wants to communicate with each other
through out the day
 Telephone Connection

•Mesh Network
 Telephone Connection
• Normally subscribers call to other at some time in a day and not
for 24 hours to all others
• So it is economical and wire to share these resources through
switching
• A switch is a device that connects inlets to outlets
• The inlet may be a line of calling subscriber and a outlet may
be the line of a called subscriber
• Switched Network
Telephone Connection

• Switches reduces the cost by transmission cost and

number of links between the subscribers
Switching in Analog Environment

• The oldest analog switching is studied even today because

most of the concepts hold for digital switching Shows the
evolution of telecommunication network.
• Switching establish a path between two specified terminals,
which we call subscribers in telephony
• Equipment for switching ma chines c an be
• Signaling
• Control
• Switching
Switching in Analog Environment
• Signaling equipment monitors the activity of the incoming
lines and forward appropriate status or control information
to the control element of the switch or the outgoing lines
• Control element process incoming signaling information
and sets up connections accordingly
• The switching function is provided by the switching matrix
Switching in Analog Environment
 Transmission
• In the past the telecommunication channels were implemented
with wire pair, coaxial cables and point to point microwave link
• Today the trunk lines mostly uses optic al fibers
• Basic building block of telecommunication for transmission is
the telephone channel or voice channel
• Voice channel requires some spectrum area which ever the
transmission system is such as wire, radio, coaxial cable or a
optical fiber cable
• A speakers voice is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz
• The primary content of the voice is in the range 100- 4000 Hz.
• -CCITT defines the voice channel as the band of
frequencies between 300 and 3400 Hz
• -Bell states that optimum is 200-3200 Hz
 Transmission
• There are three basic impairments we deal with regarding the
voice channel
• - Attenuation distortion (frequency response)
• -Phase distortion
• -Noise
• Attenuation distortion is the result of imperfect amplitude-
frequency response
• Attenuation distortion can be avoided if all frequencies in the
pass band are equally affected by same gain or loss
• Attenuation distortion a cross voice frequency is measured with
a reference that is 800 Hz (CCITT) and 1000 Hz (North
America)
 Transmission
• Attenuation distortion c an be eliminated by adding artificial
inductance into the lines using the loading coils
 Transmission
• Phase distortion is the result of varying velocity of propagation
with frequency
• The velocity of propagation tends to vary with frequency
because of electrical characteristics associated with the
network
• For voice channel the velocity of propagation tends to increase
toward band center and decrease toward band edge
• Absolute delay is the delay a signal experience with reference
frequency
• A modulated signal will not be distorted if the phase shift
changes uniformly with frequency
• Signal distortion occurs if the phase shift is non linear with
respect to frequency
 Transmission
• Noise is the any undesired signal in a communication circuit
• Noise reduction is the major consideration in analog
communication
• Noise is divided into four categories
• -Thermal noise
• -Intermodulation noise
• -Crosstalk
• -Impulse noise
• Level (signal magnitude) is a very important parameter in the
analog network but it has secondary importance in digital
network
• Another important parameter is signal to noise ratio
 Transmission
• Open wires
• Open wire were used in the past with cross arms in telephone pole
and glass insulators to support uninsulated cables
• Main advantage of open wire is its relatively low attenuation
• Open wire was typically used as a customer loop in rural areas
• Disadvantage is to separate the wires with cross arms and it needs
extra copper
• Except in rural areas open wire has been replaced with multi pair
cable system.
• Paired Cable
• A single c able may contain from 6 to 2700 wire pairs in multi pair
cable and it eliminates the cross arm in telephone pole
• Today cables are normally buried underground or use a duct
underground
 Two Wire and Four Wire
Transmission
• A telephone conversation inherently requires duplex mode of
communication
• When both directions are carried on the same pair of wires, it
is called two-wire transmission
• Telephones in our homes and offices are connected to a local
switching center by means of two-wire circuits
• The single wire provides for both direction transmission
• For longer distance transmission (including optic al fiber) two
direction of transmission are done on separate wire pairs
 Two Wire and Four Wire
Transmission
• Longer distance transmission requires amplification and most
often involves multiplexing
• These operations are implemented most easily if the two
directions of transmission are isolated from each other
• So interoffice trunks typically use two pairs of wires or two
fibers and are referred to as four-wire systems
• The four wire system multiplexed multiple channels in one
direction on one wire pair making it more efficient than two
wire system
 Two Wire and Four Wire
Transmission
• For longer distance transmission and truncking four wire
system is needed
• Newer digital end office switches were inherently four wire
• The two wire to four wire conversion is done in the
subscriber side of the switch and not in the trunk side
 Two Wire and Four Wire
Transmission

• The basic conversion function provided by hybrid circuits

that couple the two directions of the transmission
• Hybrid circuits have been traditionally implemented with
specially interconnected transformers
• Pair Gain System: It is a system which uses a single wire
pair to serve multiple households using different
multiplexing techniques
Thank You !

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