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Topic 1: Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance

This document continues explaining how to calculate empirical formulas from elemental composition by mass or percentage. It provides examples calculating the empirical formula of iron oxide from the composition by mass and the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon from its carbon percentage and molecular mass. It defines relative molecular mass as the mass of a

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41 views

Topic 1: Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance

This document continues explaining how to calculate empirical formulas from elemental composition by mass or percentage. It provides examples calculating the empirical formula of iron oxide from the composition by mass and the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon from its carbon percentage and molecular mass. It defines relative molecular mass as the mass of a

Uploaded by

leena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 1: Formulae, equations and

amount of substance
Objective

 know the terms ‘atom', 'element', 'ion', 'molecule', 'compound', empirical


formula' and 'molecular formula’

Why do atoms gain or lose electrons?

 understand the terms:

• relative atomic mass’ based on the 12C scale

• relative molecular mass’ and ‘relative formula mass’, including calculating these
values from relative atomic masses
Revision
Defined the following terms:

• Atom
• element
• Ion
• molecule
• compound
Why do atoms gain or lose electrons?

• Atoms gain or lose electrons to reach a stable state. All metals form positive
ions. Some non-metals form negative ions.

• Eight electrons in the last shell form a stable atom

• Atoms lose or gain electrons to reach this stable state. However, if atom has
only one shell, for example, hydrogen and helium, there arises an exception
to this rule. These elements are stable when they have two electrons in their
outer most shell.
● Example, Lithium which has three electrons (2 electrons in the first
shell and 1 electron in the outer most shell) in total. Lithium loses one
electron to form Li+ ion, which has 2 electrons in the outer most shell.
Lithium atom and Lithium ion are illustrated in the figure
Ions

a. When an atom loses or gains one or more


electrons, it is called as……………..
b. Oppositely charged ions combine to
form……………….
c. When an atom loses electron it forms a positively
charged ion called as………………
d. When an atom gains electron it forms a
negatively charged ion called as……………..
Empirical and Molecular Formula
• molecular formula gives the actual number of each different atom
present in a molecule. If the formula is simplified then it is an
empirical formula

• Empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest ratio of the


number of different atoms present

• Example, the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 and the


empirical formula of glucose is CH2O
Empirical and Molecular Formula

The simplest formula of a compound is its empirical formula. It represents the number
of atoms of each element in simplest ratio. Using composition of mass (in grams or
percentage), the empirical formula can be calculated by using the following steps:
I. Divide the composition of mass by the relative atomic mass.
II. Divide the answer in step (i) by the smallest value obtained amongst the results.
III. Convert the number obtained in step (ii) to nearest whole number by multiplying
with a whole number to find the ratio of number of atoms.
Empirical and Molecular Formula

Example 1: Find the empirical formula for the compound whose composition by mass is:
iron-72.3 % and oxygen27.7%.

Solution:
Composition Number of moles = Divide by the Convert to whole
Element Ar
by mass Composition by mass/Ar smallest number (×3)
Fe 55.845 72.3 1.29 1 3
O 16 27.2 1.7 1.33 4

Fe (II) and O are in the ratio of 3:4 and hence, the empirical formula is Fe3O4.
Empirical and Molecular Formula

● Example 2: What is the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon that contains


83.7 % of carbon?
Empirical and Molecular Formula

● Example 2: What is the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon that


contains 83.7 % of carbon? Given that the relative molecular mass is
86.

● What is the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon?


Empirical and Molecular Formula

Example 2: What is the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon that contains 83.7 % of carbon?
Given that the relative molecular mass is 86. What is the molecular formula of this
hydrocarbon?

Solution:
Composition by Divide by the Convert to whole
Element Ar Composition by mass/Ar
mass smallest number (×3)
C 12 83.7 6.98 1 3
H 1 16.3 16.3 7/3 7

The empirical formula is C3H7.


Relative molecular mass of C3H7=43

But the relative molecular mass is 86.

● Divide the Mr(86) by the empirical mass (43) to get the number of
empirical unit

86 ÷ 43 = 2

● Multiply every thing by the empirical unit

● and therefore the molecular formula is C6H14.


Relative molecular mass & relative formula mass
  • Relative molecular mass: is the mass of one molecule compared to one-twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12
atom. It is usually calculated by adding the relative atomic mass of all the atoms in a molecule.
 

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒


𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑀 𝑟 ) =
𝑜𝑛𝑒 −𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 − 12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

• A water molecule (H2O) consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. atomic mass of hydrogen
is 1. atomic mass of oxygen is 16

Relative molecular mass of water= (1×2)+ 16=18

• Relative formula mass: is the term used to denote ionic compounds that do not exist as individual molecules.

The relative formula mass of magnesium chloride () is:


Relative atomic mass: Mg=24.3 and Cl = 35.5
Relative formula mass= 24.3 + (35.5×2) = 95.3
Questions

1. What is the molecular formula of a compound which has an empirical formula of


CH2 and a relative molecular mass of 70?

2. A certain carbohydrate of molar mass 120 g/mol contains by weight 40.0% carbon,
6.7 % hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen. What is the empirical and molecular formula?

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