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Programming Fundamentals (750113) : Ch1. Problem Solving

The document discusses the problem solving process for programming. It explains that programming involves solving problems through algorithms. The problem solving process has three phases: (1) analyzing the problem by outlining requirements, designing an algorithm using tools like flowcharts and pseudocode, and testing the algorithm; (2) implementing the algorithm by coding it in a programming language; and (3) maintaining the program if requirements change. The document provides details on analyzing problems, designing algorithms, coding in C++, compiling, executing programs, and debugging logic errors.

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Hani Hamad
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43 views

Programming Fundamentals (750113) : Ch1. Problem Solving

The document discusses the problem solving process for programming. It explains that programming involves solving problems through algorithms. The problem solving process has three phases: (1) analyzing the problem by outlining requirements, designing an algorithm using tools like flowcharts and pseudocode, and testing the algorithm; (2) implementing the algorithm by coding it in a programming language; and (3) maintaining the program if requirements change. The document provides details on analyzing problems, designing algorithms, coding in C++, compiling, executing programs, and debugging logic errors.

Uploaded by

Hani Hamad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Fundamentals

(750113)

Ch1. Problem Solving

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 1


Problem solving
Problem Solving

• Programming is a process of problem


solving (Problem Solution by computer)

• Algorithm ?
 Step-by-step problem-solving process
 Solution achieved in finite amount of time

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 2


Problem solving
Problem Solving Process

• Phase 1 - Analyze the problem


 Outline the problem and its requirements
 Design (algorithm) to solve the problem ( Flow chart, pseudo code)
 Algorithm tracing

• Phase 2 - Implement the algorithm


 Implement the algorithm in code (in Programming Language 
Program)
 Verify that the algorithm works

• Phase 3 - Maintenance
 Use and modify the program if the requirements changes

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 3


Problem solving
Analyze the Problem (1)
Outline the problem and its requirements

• Understand the problem


• Understand problem requirements
 Does program require user interaction?
 Does program manipulate data?
 What is the output?
 are all possible circumstances handled?
• If the problem is complex, divide it into
subproblems
 Analyze each subproblem as above

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 4


Problem solving
Analyze the Problem (1)
Design Algorithm
1. Flowcharts
2. pseudo-code

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 5


Problem solving
• A Flowchart is
 An algorithm graphical representation.
 Written as a combination of the following graphical
notations:
Flow Chart Symbols

Start and End Selection Data


Flow

Input / output Calculation

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 6


Problem solving
• Pseudo-code:
<Algorithm name>
// input ? The comment lines “//”
// function?
// Output?
Begin
<data definition>
<actions>
End

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 7


Problem solving
Analyze the Problem (1)
Algorithm Tracing
 Draw flowchart
 Find all possible paths
 Check each path with appropriate input data
 Observed Outputs not conform to the expected ones 
error in the algorithm.

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 8


Problem solving
Analyze the Problem (2)
Problem Example.
Convert a student mark from decimal mode to ABC mode.

Understand problem requirements


 Does program require user interaction? Input the mark
 Does program manipulate data?  covert mark Control
Requirements (IF statement)
 What is the output? The mark converted to A or B or C or
error
 Is there subproblem? No

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 9


Problem solving
Analyze the Problem (2)
Efficiency:
- an algorithm may work correctly but be inefficient – by taking
more time and using more resources than required to
solve the problem.
- becomes more important for larger programs.

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 10


Problem solving
Implement the algorithm (Coding)
•After testing your algorithm, you can code it
in any programming language.

•In our lab, we are going to use C++


language.

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 11


Problem solving
C++ Language Elements
• The general form of a C++ program
// File: filename
// Program description
# include compiler directives
void main ( )
{
declarations section
executable statement section
} Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 12
Problem solving
 Computer Stage: after completing the
program, the computer must do the
following:
- Compilation:
- Execution:

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 13


Problem solving
Stages of Compilation
o Performed by a program called the compiler
o Translates the preprocessor-modified source code
into object code (machine code)
o Checks for syntax errors and warnings
o Saves the object code to a disk file
o If any compiler errors are received, no object code file
will be generated.
o An object code file will be generated if only warnings,
not errors, are received.

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 14


Problem solving
Compiler converts
human readable
language to a
language which is
understandable by
the operating
system/hardware
Execution
• when the program become don’t has errors,
the computer execute it to produce the ……
output.

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 16


Problem solving
Implement the algorithm
Verify that the algorithm works  source of
errors
• Many errors made in:
- analyzing the problem,
- developing an algorithm, and/or
- coding the algorithm

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 17


Problem solving
Implement the algorithm

• Errors are of three types:


. syntax errors
. run-time errors
. logic errors
• Syntax errors: detected by the C compiler
. source code does not conform to one or more of C’s
grammar rules
. examples of syntax errors: undeclared variable, …
• Often one mistake leads to multiple error messages –
can be confusing

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 18


Problem solving
Implement the algorithm
• Run-time errors. detected and displayed by computer during
execution.
- Occur when program directs computer to perform illegal
operation. Example: int x=y/0;
- will stop program execution and display message
• Logic errors.
- caused by faulty algorithm
- sign of error: incorrect program output
- cure: thorough testing and comparison with expected
results
A logic error is referred to as a bug, so finding logic errors is
called debugging.
Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 19
Problem solving
Conclusions (Cont’d)

Programming Fundamentals --> Ch1. 20


Problem solving

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