The document describes the structure and functions of plant and animal cells, tissues, and organs. It explains that plant tissues include meristematic and permanent tissues that work together in organs like roots, leaves, stems, and reproductive parts. It also explains that animal cells differentiate into four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues - which unite into organs and organ systems that work together to carry out functions like digestion, circulation, respiration, and reproduction.
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Plant and Animal Organ System and Their Functions
The document describes the structure and functions of plant and animal cells, tissues, and organs. It explains that plant tissues include meristematic and permanent tissues that work together in organs like roots, leaves, stems, and reproductive parts. It also explains that animal cells differentiate into four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues - which unite into organs and organ systems that work together to carry out functions like digestion, circulation, respiration, and reproduction.
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Plant and Animal
Organ System and
their Functions Structure of a Plant • Plants are made up of many cells. Groups of similar cells work together in a tissue. • There are two main types of plant tissues: • Meristematic tissues – are responsible for the growth and development of the plant by producing permanent tissues. • Permanent tissues – include surface, fundamental, and vascular tissues. Surface tissues protect the different organs of the plant. Fundamental tissues fill body space and produce and store food. Vascular tissues conduct water, minerals, sugars, and amino acids. • Dermal tissues cover a plant. A thin layer of epidermis covers non- woody parts. Several layers of cork cover woody plants. Each tissue has its job to do. For example, dermal tissue covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. Dermal tissue has several functions, including preventing the plant from losing too much water. Tissues work together in organs. Important plant organs include: • roots • leaves • the stem • reproductive organs, such as male and female sex organs in flowers. The Functions of Plant Organs In plants, each organ has several jobs, or functions. • Roots keep a plant in the ground. They also take in water and nutrients from the soil. • Leaves absorb sunlight, and make food for the plant by photosynthesis. The waste product of photosynthesis, oxygen, escapes through tiny holes in the leaves. • The stem supports the leaves and flowers. It also transports water and nutrients between the roots and the leaves. • Reproductive organs allow a plant to produce new plants. Structure and Functions of an Animal Cell grow, mature, and undergo differentiation in multicellular animals. Tissues are formed as a result of cell differentiation. 4 types of tissues found in animals: • Epithelial Tissues • Connective Tissues • Muscular Tissues • Nervous Tissues A group of different tissues united to perform a common function forms an organ. Several organs that perform together for a common function make up an organ system. The human body is made up of 11 organ systems. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • It acts as a barrier to physical, chemical, and biological agents. • The skin prevents water loss and regulates body temperature. It transmits the senses of touch, pain, and pleasure and maintains body temperature by secreting sweat. • The hair lubricates the scalp, which secretes pheromones and cools or warms our heads. • The nails protect our fingers, which are a major tool used for protecting ourselves and providing ourselves with food, shelter, and sensations. • The skin leaves us most vulnerable when it is compromised by open wounds, allowing infectious agents into the body. SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system supports and protects the body’s internal organs. • The ribs protect the abdominal organs, which are both vulnerable to injury and dangerous to our well being when injured. • The skull protects our brain which controls all functions of our bodies and minds. • The skeleton provides the framework and shape to our bodies. It also connects to our major muscles to allow movement. • Bones store minerals such as calcium and create blood cells in the soft bone tissue called marrow. MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and power the actions that maintain blood flow through our body; • Smooth, or involuntary muscles are found in the heart and organs, they surround the internal organs and are responsible for their movement such as moving food through the digestive tract; and • Skeletal, or voluntary muscles, are responsible for carrying out the actions and movements caused by messages sent from our brains through our nervous system. Skeletal muscles are also responsible for maintaining posture and producing heat. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • This system transports clean fluids in our body back to the blood and drains excess fluids and debris from the tissues and cells of the body.
• It also houses the white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
protecting our bodies from infection. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • This system maintains our breathing.
• It supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration by
collecting oxygen in the lungs and disposes of carbon dioxide by breathing out the waste product.
• It also provides our functions of speech and smell.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Beginning with our mouths, this system is responsible for the breaking down and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of the waste not utilized by the body.
• It is responsible for identifying which minerals, vitamins, and
other essentials from the foods we eat can be absorbed and utilized or stored by the body and which are to be disposed of, and carrying out those functions. NERVOUS SYSTEM • This system is actually made up of two distinct parts; the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. • The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves that lead into and out of the CNS to other parts of the body. • The entire nervous system controls all of the other systems of the body, such as digestion and cardiac rhythm, and responds to internal and external changes, such as activating muscles and breathing. • It also transmits information to the brain, such as pain and external sensations. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • The glands of the endocrine system secrete chemicals called hormones that regulate most of the processes in our bodies such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and even the control of the amount of glucose in our blood. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • The heart, made of cardiac muscle, pumps blood and blood vessels such as arteries and veins, transport the blood to every part of our body providing organs and muscles with nourishment. • The blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. URINARY SYSTEM
• This system is responsible for eliminating waste products of
metabolism and other materials from the body that are of no use. • The system is also responsible for maintaining the balanced fluid volume in our bodies by regulating the amount of water that is excreted, maintaining the concentrations of electrolytes, and normal pH levels of the blood. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • MALE (prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens) • FEMALE (Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, fallopian tube) • The reproductive system mainly functions to create human life. Ovaries produce female sex hormones and eggs. Eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tube by sperm then travel to the uterus, which provides the site for growth. The mammary glands produce milk for the newborn.