REM 256

TOPIC 1

INTRODUCTION TO TOWN
AND COUNTRY PLANNING

Prepared By: Nurulanis Binti Ahmad @ Mohamed

 LEARNING OUTCOME

 LO1

Apply fundamentals principle of planning to

perform land evaluation in the land use planning
 Outlines

Definition of Town Planning

Definition of Land Use Planning
Definition of Sustainable Development
Aims town planning and land use planning
Planning Doctrine
Planning Organization
Regional Planning
 1.1 DEFINITION OF TOWN PLANNING,
LAND USE PLANNING & SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Town Planning???
 Cities are complex creatures

 Town Planning involves both control existing &

new development
 Strategic Planning to ensure our resources carefully
managed while meet the future needs
 Dynamic process as need to response changes with
the community
 DEFINITION

JB McLoughlin( 1969 )
 Foreseeing and guiding change.

Cherry (1970)
 Creating harmonious and comfortable physical environment for
satisfaction of an individual and community

AdreasFaludi( 1978 )
 Types of action to be taken. The actions have to suit with the process
of implementation.

Chadwick ( 1973 )
• Human needs toward environmental aspects for living purposes.
 DEFINITION

Colman ( 1973)
 Town Planning is about harmonious living, satisfaction, efficient use
of space and development activities to achieve maximum living and
working environment.

John Ratcliffe( 1974 )

 Providing the right site at the right time in the right place for the
right people.

Lewis Keeble( 1969 )

 Art and science of ordering the land-uses and sitting the buildings
and communication routes to secure the maximum level of
economy, convenience and beauty
 What is Town Planning?
Town Planning is known as ‘physical planning’;

Old School:

“is the art and the science of ordering the land-uses and
sitting the buildings and communication routes so as to
secure the maximum level of economy, convenience and
beauty” Keeble,1969

Nowadays, in developed countries most new developments

are on brown fields which the traditional understanding of
planning is loses relevance.
 Continue…
Modern:

‘what does town planning trying to achieve the end of

the day?’

1) town planning is resolving conflicting uses of land

2) enhancement of level of comfort or facilities

3) to bring in as well as social and economic

 Continue…

Summary
Drawing up plans for future physical
arrangement and condition of a community
Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved
for different purposes
Forecast Future Needs, Secure the maximum
level of economy and social, enhance facilities
and resolving conflict use of land
Land Use Planning??
 Hypermarket Land size (sqft) %
Plinth area:    
60% x 87,120 sqft   60%
= 52,272 sqft 52,272 sqft
Facilities & open space (40%):    
i. Parking: 25% x 87,120 sqft 21,780 sqft 25%
     
Including:    
 Car parking (150 lot)    
1 Lot: 8 sqft x 16 sqft    
128 sqft x 150 lot    
19,200 sqft    
Land size: 2 acre      
Plinth area: 60%  Car parking for workers (25 lot)    
1 Lot: 8 sqft x 16 sqft    
128 sqft x 25 lot    
3,200 sqft    
     
 Car parking for heavy transport (10 lot)    
1 Lot : 3.0 m x 9.0 m = 27 m (6 lot)    
1. m x 5.6 m = 16.8 m (4 lot)    
1 acre = 43, 560 sqft 43.8 m x 10.764 sqft    
471.46 sqft x 10 lot    
4,714.6 sqft    
     
 OKU parking (2 lot)    
1 Lot: 2,400 sqft x 2 lot    
4,800 lot    
     
 Motorcycle parking (50 lot)    
1 Lot: 1.0 m x 2.0 m = 2 m    
2 m x 10.764 sqft    
21.528 x 50 lot    
1,076.4 sqft    
     
i. Green space: 5% x 87,120 sqft 4,356 sqft 5%
     
ii. Playground: 5% x 87,120 sqft 4,356 sqft 5%
     
iii. Water tank: 3% x 87,120 sqft 2,613.6 sqft 3%
     
iv. TNB substation: 2% x 87,120 sqft 1,742.4 sqft 2%
34,848 sqft  
TOTAL 87,120 sqft 100%
 What is Land Use?

Land use can be determine as ‘an exploitation of land for

agricultural, industrial, residential, recreational, or other
purposes.’ Answer encyclopedia

Land use must be sets an approach to manage public and

private lands and natural resources to achieve long-term
economic, environmental and social goals.
 What is Land Use
Planning?
Land use planning means ;

To create a fair and efficient use of land that helps shape and
protect the quality of our towns, cities and countryside and
facilitate or promote developments which are of a high
quality and sustainable

Planning refers to intentional public/government

interventions in the land and property development process
to achieve desirable societal objectives.
 Continue…

By including all land, planning, housing, transport

and regeneration policies intended to have a general
and direct impact on the use and development of
land- it is clear much like land use regulation.
“Tiesdell and Allmendinger, 2005

……and in planning speak that’s ‘best use of land in the

public interest’………
 Continue…

Summary
Land use planning is the systematic
assessment for a physical, social, and
economic factors in order to select and
adopt the best land-use options that
increase their productivity, sustainable and
meet the needs of society.
 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 SD is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs
1.2 AIMS TOWN PLANNING
& LAND USE PLANNING
Aims Town Planning & Land
Use Planning

Town
Planning
Maximise use of land,
adopt the best land use,
Physical, Social, Eco,
Future Needs &
Sustainability, Enhance
Facilities & Security,
Public, Government
Land Use
Planning
 SUMMARY PURPOSE &
OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
 To promote a physical environment which is harmonious,
pleasing and convenient.

1) Social Objectives:
 Concerns conditions of people/society

 To achieve individual personal satisfaction and happiness for

man; 
 To secure order and convenience and land use communication.

 To secure aesthetic qualities in physical environment.

 To promote effective growth patterns.

 SUMMARY PURPOSE &
OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING

2) Economics Objective:
 The science of resource management.

3) Physical Objective:
 Materials elements (land, location)

4) Ecological Objective:
 Must come to terms with nature
 In the context of Malaysia

Aims Planning in Malaysia

 To create an efficient, equitable and sustainable national spatial
framework to guide the overall development of the country towards
achieving a competitive developed nation status by 2020.

Goals
 To rationalise national spatial planning for economic efficiency and
global competitiveness.
 To optimize utilisation of land and natural resources for sustainable
development.
 To promote balanced regional development for national unity.

 To become high income country.

 And how does all that
delivered?
Through…….

1) National policies and guidance (NPP)

2) Regional bodies and their strategic plans (RDA, RP, SP)

3) Local planning authorities and their development plans

and development control policies/tools (LP)

4) Environmental improvement scheme

1.3 PLANNING DOCTRINE
 THE UNIVERSAL PLANNING
DOCTRINE- TRIOLOGY CONCEPT
& 5 PHILOSOPHY
 THE UNIVERSAL
PLANNING DOCTRINE
 The Federal Government of Malaysia has endorsed the concept of
holistic development for land use planning which is known as The
Total Planning Doctrine.

 It is a new approach to the planning and design which is expected to

guide the physical planning system focusing on the concept of
sustainable development.

 Enable physical and social planning to be integrated with moral and

spiritual values that will not separate economic growth from social
needs and justice that will contribute towards sustainability and
increase the quality of life for society.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN
& CREATOR

 Man keep growing with development due to

profitability and personal benefits.
 By having specific design in development able to
bring man near to creator.
 RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN MAN & MAN
 Man always changes their preferences in tandem
with trends
 However, man couldn’t live alone. Generally, needs
a group of community and living with a
neighborhood areas.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN
& ENVIRONMENT

 Man responsibility to conserve and preserve natural

resources and protects environment.
 For future generation
 1. 4 PLANNING
ORGANIZATION
 TOWN PLANNING IN
MALAYSIA
ADMINISTRATIVE MECHANISMS
MALAYSIA GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
FED
ERA
L
GOV
ERN
MEN
T
STATE
GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT IN THE
TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
 FUNCTIONS OF TOWN & COUNTRY
PLANNING DEPARTMENT

FEDERAL LEVEL

To act as advisor to the Federal Government on all planning matters including
use and development of land.

To function as Secretariat of the National Physical Planning Council established
under Town and Country Planning Act 1976.

To establish a comprehensive, effective and efficient planning system through
planning legislation, planning methodology, planning research, planning
standards and procedures.

To translate national socio-economic policies into physical and spatial terms
through the formulation of related land use and human settlement policies and
programme.

To provide direct assistance to the state government agencies in preparation of
Developments Plans including Structure and Local Plans.

To prepare, maintain and publish statistics, bulletins and methodology in
connection with town and country planning.
 FUNCTIONS OF TOWN & COUNTRY
PLANNING DEPARTMENT

STATE LEVEL

To act as a principal advisor to the state government on all
planning matters including use and development land.

To control development within the state including approval and
supervision of implementation plans for development.

To advise the Local Planning Authorities on town planning use
and development of land.

To function as Secretariat to the State Planning Committee
established under the Town and Country Planning Act 1976

To assist in preparation of layout plan for special project by
state government.

To conduct land use surveys and research related to use and
development of land.

Being a Registrar of the State Appeal Board
 FUNCTIONS OF TOWN & COUNTRY
PLANNING DEPARTMENT

LOCAL/DISTRICT LEVEL

To regulate, control and plan the development and use of all
lands and buildings within the area

To undertake, assist in, and encourage the collection,
maintenance and publication of statistics, bulletins and
monograph, and other publications relating to town and
country planning and its methodology

To provide and approve planning permission.

To prepare structure and local plan, and zoning within the area.

To control and coordinate development activities for nurturing,
developing and expanding the growth of all land.

To perform such other functions as the State Authority or
Committee may from time to time assign to it.
1.5 REGIONAL PLANNING
 SEC 6A:REGIONAL PLANNING
COMMITTEE

Chairman- Appointed by PM

6 Persons represent FG (at least 4 are Public Officers appointed by Minister)

Not more than 4 persons represent Government of each State within the region, 1
of whom shall be State Director (appointed by State Authority)

The President of every Local Planning Authority within the region

* Secretary RPC- Appointed by Director General of Town & Country Planning

SEC 6A:REGIONAL PLANNING
COMMITTEE

Establish
Furnish Council uniform process
& Committee & procedures
reports
Establish
Policies and
regional plan
Conduct
research

FUNCTIONS

Monitor the
implementation of
standards, guidelines &
procedures in facilitates the
development of the region

Plan and coordinate

facilities and infra Advise /Assist State
for the region Planning Committee &
local planning
authority within the
Region
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
PERDA

KEDA

KETENGAH

KESEDAR

DARA

KEJORA
 GOALS REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
 To promote & enhance social & economic of
well being of the people
 To reduce disparities development among
regions
ROLES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITIES

ROLE OF
REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITIES
Revive agriculture
& industrial
development

Industrialize and
Reduce excessive
Urbanize
migration Rural
agriculture and
to Urban
rural areas

Create New
Resettle &
development to
rehabilitate less developed
selected frontier regions
Greater
emphasize on
Urban Growth
 FUNCTIONS…
PERDA (PENANG)
FUNCTIONS
Penang Regional Development Authority (PERDA) was

established on the 1st of June 1983 under the 282 Act.
The Traditional Village Development approach was first

implemented at the end of 1984. Under this concept, there
are three main aspects that have been emphasized :
a. To increase the quality and agricultural productivity
through consolidation of individual small farms and paddy
fields using the modern production techniques and
management;
b. To create the village industries, small industries and other
non-agriculture economic activities and
c. To restructure and regroup the scattered village into one
proper settlement and equipped with basic facilities. As a
result, a new growth centre is created in the rural area.
 CONTINUE…
The conceptual development approach was to be
implemented to achieve two main objectives;
a) to enhance the income and standard of living and
b) to restructure the rural society.
PERDA has already identified 26 areas inclusive of a
few villages to be modernized and develop by using
this strategy.
PERDA has also identified five specific programmes
that have to be coordinated in each village in order
to accomplish the two main objectives of the
approach; i) agricultural development, ii)
infrastructure development, iii) housing development
and urbanization, iv) industrial development and
investment, v) training and community development.
 CONTINUE…
KEDA (KEDAH)

FUNCTIONS
 Kedah Regional Development Authority (KEDA)
was established on 28 May 1981 under the
Parliament Act 249 (Kedah Regional
Development Authority Act, 1981) or Akta
Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Kedah 1981).
 With the aim to facilitate and accelerate social
and economic developments in the KEDA area.
 The KEDA operating area covers an area of
8,279 square km which is 89% of the overall
state of Kedah.
 CONTINUE…

 As a Federal Government agency under the

Ministry of Rural and Regional Development, KEDA
is responsible in the various aspects of
development which include the areas of poverty
eradication, development of infrastructure and
public facilities, traditional village development
and housing for the poor, rural industry and
entrepreneurship development, skills training and
human capital development.
 CONTINUE…
KETENGAH (TERENGGANU)
FUNCTIONS
 To promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake
economic and social development in central
Terengganu.
 To promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake
the development of housing, agriculture,
industries and trade in central Terengganu
 To oversee and coordinate the activities stated
above in central Terengganu
 CONTINUE...
KESEDAR (KELANTAN)
FUNCTIONS
 To promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake economic
and social development in South Kelantan

 To promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake residential,

agricultural, industrial and trade within the South Kelantan.

 Controlling and coordinating the activities mentioned above

South Kelantan.

 ROLE

 Section 4 (1) of the Act states KESEDAR 203/78 serves to

develop, promote, assist and undertake in addition to
control and coordinate the implementation of economic and
social development includes four fields: -residential,
industry, trading and agriculture
 CONTINUE…
DARA (PAHANG)
FUNCTION
To create the efficient, technically advances and

large scale enterprises in agriculture and
forestry and assure the employment
opportunities for participation of Malays in these
enterprises at all levels. For example, potential
agriculture land is being alienated to investors in
blocks of 5,000 acres each. Land planted with oil
palm, rubber and diversified crops.
To
 promote the industrialisation and
urbanisation of a kind which provide
opportunities for Malays as well as for other
Malaysians to find employment at all levels in
the modern sector.
 CONTINUE…

 To provide a pattern of development which will boost

present levels of income and social welfare in the
Region above the national average.

 To provide a higher level of skills, particularly for Malay

but also for other Malaysian.

 To provide productive employment opportunities.

 To build a base for attracting manufacturing and service

enterprises not directly related to resource exploitation.
 CONTINUE…
KEJORA (JOHOR)
FUNCTIONS
 To develop and promote the economic and
social
 To assist and undertake economic and
social, residential development, agriculture
development, commercial development
 Controlling and coordinating the
implementation of economic and social
activities
 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Creation New
Growth Centre &
In Situ Rural
rural urbanization Development

Industrial STRATEG
Dispersial IES

Resource &
New Land
Development
 STRATEGIES FORMULATED TO ACHIEVE
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

RESOURCE AND NEW LAND DEVELOPMENT

The government will focus on location under develop
region where there have a future growth in
agriculture, manufacturing, and services
3 natural resources: land for crop, forest for timber
and minerals for mining
Example: opening new land development schemes
under FELDA
IN SITU RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rehabilitate and modernize traditional villages
Government agencies responsible to bring
development into this area
Integrated approach: infrastructure provided and
increase agricultural product
Ex: programmes adopt in Malaysia by MADA & KADA
 CONTINUE…
INDUSTRIAL DISPERSAL
For less develop states, direct new manufacturing industries to
selected areas
Government provide the basic physical and social infrastructure
(ex: roads, railways, water and power supply, ports,
communication lines)
As newly open areas, it would create a positive influence on
regional development
CREATION OF NEW GROWTH CENTRE AND RURAL URBANIZATION
Creating new growth centre to: stimulate the depressed area,
relieving the congestion of crowded metropolitan area, achieving
regional balance in development
Rural urbanization concept:
1) Introduce urban type environment and facilities and services to

agriculture and rural areas
2) Foster development of modern commercial and industrial

activities in rural areas
3) To induce active participation by Malay & other indigenous

people in modern commercial.
 REFERENCES

 Halmi Zainol (2010), Pendahuluan kepada

Perancangan Fizikal, UPENA, UiTM.
 Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Amended)
 SUMMARY

THANK YOU!!