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Presentation For Mechanical Engineering

The document summarizes a seminar presentation on refrigeration and air conditioning. It covers the history of refrigeration, principles of refrigeration like refrigerants and their properties, units of refrigeration, coefficient of performance. It describes vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration systems, including their working, parts and diagrams. Applications of refrigeration in various industries are discussed. Different air conditioning systems like window, split, centralized and packaged systems are explained. The conclusion emphasizes the uses of refrigerators and suitability of refrigeration in food and medical industries.

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Shashi Bhushan Kumar
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141 views

Presentation For Mechanical Engineering

The document summarizes a seminar presentation on refrigeration and air conditioning. It covers the history of refrigeration, principles of refrigeration like refrigerants and their properties, units of refrigeration, coefficient of performance. It describes vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration systems, including their working, parts and diagrams. Applications of refrigeration in various industries are discussed. Different air conditioning systems like window, split, centralized and packaged systems are explained. The conclusion emphasizes the uses of refrigerators and suitability of refrigeration in food and medical industries.

Uploaded by

Shashi Bhushan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA

A SEMINAR ON REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF


DR.VIKAS UPADHYAY

PRESENTED BY
VISHAL CHAUDHARY
ROLL NO -2036021
( M.TECH THERMAL ENGINEERING)
CONTENTS :-
• Introduction
• History
• Principle of refrigeration
• Refrigerants & it’s properties
• Unit of refrigeration
• Co-efficient of performance
• Types of Refrigeration
• Vapour- compression refrigeration system ( VCRS)
• Vapour- absorption refrigeration system (VARS)
• Application of refrigeration
• Air conditioning
• Conclusion
• Refrences
INTRODUCTION :-

• It is defined as the process of providing and maintaining a


temperature well below that of surrounding atmosphere.

• In other words refrigeration is the process of cooling


substance.

• The method of reducing temperature of a system below


surrounding temperature and maintain it at lower
temperature continuously abstracting the heat from it.
HISTORY
• 1820 Ice was first artificially made as an experiment.

• Michael Faraday discovered the principles for the absorption type of refrigeration.

• Jacob Perkins invented the first artificial ice manufacturing machine which led to our
modern compression systems.

• The R-22 Alternative Refrigeration Evaluation Program (AREP) starts to find alternative
refrigerants to R-502 and R-22.

• Chloroflourocarbon (CFC) manufacturing in the USA ends on December 31.

• Kyoto Protocol signed to protect the earth's climate by reducing greenhouse gases that
cause climate change.

• Unitary air conditioners and heat pumps set a sale record of more than 6 million units.

• A State Council issued a circular to restrict the temperature of air conditioning in public
buildings to 26°C (78°F) or higher during summer and 20°C (68°F) and lower during winter.
Sale of low efficiency air conditioning units are also outlawed.
 Refrigerants :-

The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which absorbs


Heat from space and rejects heat to outside the
refrigerator.

Properties :

• Good thermal conductivity for rapid heat transfer.

• Non toxic, Non-flammable, Non-corrosive.

• High co-efficient of performance.

• High latent heat of evaporation.

• Low initial and maintain cost.


Unit of Refrigeration :

It is amount of heat which is to be


extracted from 1 tonne of water at 0 degree centigrade
to convert it into ice at 0 degree centigrade in 24 hours.

1 TR = 3.5 KJ/Sec =210 KJ/Min


Co-efficient of Performance :

It is defined as the ratio of heat extracted in a


given time (refrigerating effect) to the work input.

The COP is the reciprocal of the efficiency of a heat engine.


Types of Refrigeration:

• Vapour
Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses
mechanical energy.

• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal


energy.

• Magnetic Refrigeration: remove heat and maintain


low temperature.

• Industrial Refrigeration: used in cold storage


Refrigeration systems.
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS)

The vapour refrigeration system most popular and


widely used in refrigeration and air conditioning for both
domestic and industrial applications.

Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed


to expand
• If pressure high enough.
• Compressed air hotter than source of cooling.
• Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature.
Main parts of VCRS :
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion valve
4. Evaporator

Compressor: Reciprocating compressor generally used.


For very big plants Centrifugal compressors directly coupled with
high speed rotating engines (gas turbine) are used.
Condenser : It is a coil of tubes made of copper.

Receiver tank: It is the reservoir of liquid refrigerant.

Expansion Valve: This is a throttle valve. High pressure


refrigerant is made to flow at a controlled rate through this
valve.

Evaporator : It is the actual cooler and kept in the space to be


cooled. The evaporator is a coil of tubes made of copper.
Vapour- Compression Refrigeration

Diagram of VCRS
P-h diagram of VCRS
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
The absorption system differs fundamentally from vapour
compression system only in the method of employed for
compressing the refrigerant.

In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an


absorber, generator and a pump.

Main parts of the vapour absorption refrigeration system


1. Evaporator
2. Condenser
3. Generator
4. Absorber
5. Pump
6. Expansion device
Diagram of VARS
 Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour Absorption refrigeration systems
Application of Refrigeration
1. Storage and transportation of food

2. Preservation of medicine

3. Manufacturing of ice and rubber

4. Processing of petroleum

5. Liquefaction of gases like Nitrogen , oxygen etc …..

6. Cooling of water

7. Comfort air conditioning of wide area


Air conditioning
• Air Conditioning is the process of conditioning the air
according to the human comfort, irrespective of external
conditions.
•  Air conditioning is not a process of only heating or cooling
to some desired temperature.

Air condition is includes with follow process:

1. Cooling or heating air.


2. Addition of moisture in air or removal of moisture from
air.
3. Purification of air.
4. Addition of fresh air from outside.
5. Distribution of air.
Principle of air conditioning

• In air conditioning system , the device or unit provides air


conditioning is called air conditioner .

• This device continuously draws air from an indoor space which is


required to cool, it cools in refrigeration system and discharge
back into the same indoor space.

• This continuous cyclic process of drawing , cooling and


recirculation of the cooled air maintain indoor space.
Air conditioning systems
1. Fans : for circulation of air.

2. Filers : for cleaning of air.

3. Heating element : heating of air.

4. Control system : it regulates automatically the amount of


cooling or heating.

5. Grille : it adjust the direction of conditioned air to the


room.

6. Tray : it collects condensed water.

7. Refrigerating plan : provide cooling , It consists of


compressor / generator and absorber , evaporator ,
condenser , expansion device.
Types Of Air Conditioning System Air Conditioning
System

• Window air-conditioning system

• Split air-conditioning system

• Centralized air-conditioning system

• Package air-conditioning system


Window air-conditioning system

•Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly


used and cheapest type of air conditioners.

•To install one of these units, you need the space to make a
slot in the wall, and there should also be some open space
behind the wall.
Split Air-Conditioning System

•The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the


outdoor unit and the indoor unit.

•The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses


components like the compressor, condenser and expansion
valve.
Centralized Air-Conditioning System

•The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used


when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls
etc. are to be air conditioned completely.

•The window and split air conditioners are used for single
rooms or small office spaces.
Packaged Air-Conditioning System

•The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling


capacities in between these two extremes.

•The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed


rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.

•These units are used commonly in places like restaurants,


telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc
Applications of air conditioning

• Used in houses, hospitals, offices, computer centre,


theatres, departmental stores etc.,

• Air-conditioning of transport media such as buses, cars


trains, aeroplanes and ships.

• Wide application in food processing, printing, chemical,


pharmaceutical and machine tool, etc.,
Conclusion

• Refrigerator consists with two compartments - one for


frozen items and the other for items requiring
refrigeration but not freezing.

• It can throw all the heat from the loads inside the
compartments and make it cooled and long lasting
life.

• It suitable for application in food and medical


industry. 
References

• www.wikipedia.com

• Venugopal K and Prabu Raja V, “Basic Mechanical Engineering”,


Anuradha Publishers, Kumbakonam, (2000).

• Refrigeration and air conditioning by Domkudwar Refrigeration by


N Singh

• Textbook Of Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning (M.E.)


by R.K.Rajput
THANK YOU

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