Mendelian Pattern

of Inheritance
 Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
“Father of Genetics"

Responsible for the Laws

governing inheritance of
traits.

2
 Gregor Johann Mendel

Austrian monk

Studied the
inheritance of
traits in pea plants

Developed the laws

of inheritance
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 Gregor Johann Mendel
He found that the plants'
offspring retained traits of
the parents.
Demonstrated that the
appearance of different
characters in heredity followed
specific laws that could be
determined by counting the
diverse kinds of offspring
produced from any particular
set of crosses.
4
 Punnett Square
Used to help
solve genetics
problems

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 Terminology

 Character – heritable feature

 Trait – each variant for a
character
 Heredity - passing of traits
from parent to offspring
 Alleles - two forms of a gene
(dominant & recessive)
 Dominant - stronger of two genes
expressed in the hybrid;
represented by a capital letter (R)
 Recessive - gene that shows up less
often in a cross; represented by a
lowercase letter (r)
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• Homozygote – pair of identical alleles for a
character
– Homozygous dominant- RR
– Homozygous recessive - rr
• Heterozygote – two different alleles for a
character, combination of one dominant & one
recessive allele (Rr)
 Genotype - gene combination for a
trait, determined by how the
parent’s alleles combine during
reproduction (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
 Phenotype - the physical feature
resulting from a genotype (e.g.
red, white)
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Mendel’s Experimental Results

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 Generation “Gap”
Parental P1 Generation = the parental
generation in a breeding experiment.
F1 generation = the first-generation
offspring in a breeding experiment. (1st filial
generation)
– From breeding individuals from the P1
generation
F2 generation = the second-generation
offspring in a breeding experiment. (2nd
filial generation)
– From breeding individuals from the
F1 generation 15
 Generation “Gap”

• Parental P1 Generation = the parental generation

in a breeding experiment.
• F1 generation = the first-generation offspring in a
breeding experiment. (1st filial generation)
– From breeding individuals from the P1 generation
• F2 generation = the second-generation offspring in a
breeding experiment. (2nd filial generation)
– From breeding individuals from the Generation.
F1
 Following the Generations

Cross 2 Results Cross 2 Hybrids

Pure in all get
Plants Hybrids 3 Tall & 1
TT x tt Tt TT, Tt, tt
Short 16
Monohybrid
Crosses

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 P1 Monohybrid Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
• RR x rr
Genotype: Rr
r r
Phenotype: Round

R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio:

R Rr Rr All alike
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Phenotypic
 P1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Homozygous dominant (RR) x
Homozygous recessive (rr)
 Offspring all Heterozygous (Rr)
(hybrids)
 Offspring called F1
generation
 Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL
ALIKE copyright cmassengale 19
 F1 Monohybrid Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
• Rr x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr,
R r
rr Phenotype: Round

R RR Rr &
wrinkled
G.Ratio: 1:2:1

r Rr rr 3:1
P.Ratio: 20
 F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Heterozygous (Rr) x
heterozygous (Rr)
 Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous
Recessive rr
 Offspring called F2
 generation
Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1 21
…And Now the Test Cross
• Mendel then crossed a pure & a
hybrid from his F2 generation
• This is known as an F2 or test
cross
• There are two possible
testcrosses:
Homozygous dominant x Hybrid
Homozygous recessive x 22

Hybrid
 F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st)
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
• RR x Rr
Genotype: RR,
R r
Rr Phenotype:

R RR Rr Round Genotypic
Ratio: 1:1

R RR Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: All alike 23
 F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd)
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
• rr x Rr

R r Genotype:
Rr, rr

r Rr rr Phenotype: Round &

Wrinkled

r Rr rr G. Ratio:
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 Results of Monohybrid Crosses
• Inheritable factors or genes are
responsible for all heritable
characteristics
• Phenotype is based on Genotype
• Each trait is based on two
genes, one from the
mother and the other from the
father
• True-breeding individuals are
homozygous ( both alleles) are the
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same
Mendel’s Laws

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 Law of Dominance
In a cross of parents that are
pure for contrasting traits, only
one form of the trait will appear in
the next generation.
All the offspring will be
heterozygous and express only the
dominant trait.
RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)
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Law of Dominance

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 Law of Segregation
• During the formation of gametes
(eggs or sperm), the two
alleles responsible for a trait
separate from each other.
• Alleles for a trait are then
"recombined" at fertilization,
producing the genotype for
the traits of the
offspring. 29
Applying the Law of Segregation

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 Law of Independent
Assortment
• Alleles for different traits are
distributed to sex cells (&
offspring) independently of one
another.
• This law can be illustrated
using
dihybrid crosses.
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 Dihybrid Cross
• Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
• Alleles: R round
r

wrinkled
Y yellow
RrYy
y green x
•

RrYy RY Ry rY ry

All possible gamete combinations

RY Ry rY ry 32
 Dihybrid Cross
RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY
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ry
Dihybrid Cross
Round/Yellow: 9

Round/green: 3

wrinkled/Yellow: 3

wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio
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 Summary of Mendel’s laws
PARENT
LAW OFFSPRING
CROSS
DOMINANCE TT x tt 100% Tt
tall x tall
short
Tt x Tt 75% tall
SEGREGATION
tall x 25% short
tall 9/16 round seeds & green
RrGg x RrGg pods
INDEPENDENT 3/16 round seeds & yellow
round & green pods
ASSORTMENT
x 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green
pods
round & green 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow
pods
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 Test Problems – Monohybrid Cross
• In Coleus, some plants have shallowly crenated edges and
others have deeply incised leaves. A cross is made
between homozygous deep and shallow individuals. The
shallow trait is dominant.
a.Using S and s to symbolize the genes for this trait, give
the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for the F1
generation.
b.If self pollination is allowed, what is the phenotypic ratio
for the F2 generation?
Shallow Crenated Edges Leaf Deeply Incised Leaf
Dominant (S) Recessive (s)

SS ss
a. In a pea plant that breeds true for tall, what possible
gametes can be produced? Use the symbol D for tall, d for
dwarf.
b. In a pea plant that breeds true for dwarf, what possible
gametes will be produced?
c. What will be the genotype of F1 offspring from a cross
between these two types?
d. Assuming that the allele for tall is dominant, what will be
the phenotype of F1 offspring from a cross between these
two types?
e. What will be the probable distribution of traits in the F2
generation? (Illustrate with a Punnett square).
Test Problems – Dihybrid Cross
• In peas, a gene for tall plants (T) is dominant over its
allele for short plants (t). The gene for smooth peas
(S)is dominant over its allele for wrinkled peas (s).
Calculate both phenotypic and genotypic ratios for
the results of each of the following crosses:
a. TtSs x TtSs
b. Ttss x ttss
c. ttSs x Ttss
d. TtSS x TTss
Practice….practice….practice….practice

• In cats, long hair is recessive to short hair. A

true-breeding (homozygous) short-haired male
is mated to a long-haired female. What will their
kittens look like?

• Two cats are mated. One of the parent cats is

long-haired (recessive allele). The litter which
results contains two short-haired and three long-
haired kittens. What does the second parent
look like, and what is its genotype?
• Mrs. And Mr. Smith both have widow’s
peaks (dominant). Their first child also has
a widow’s peak, but their second child
doesn’t. Mr. Smith accuses Mrs. Smith of
being unfaithful to him. Is he necessarily
justified? Why or why not? Work the
genetics problem predicting the
frequencies of the versions of this trait
among their prospective children.
• Elizabeth is married to John, and they have four children. Elizabeth
has a straight nose (recessive) and is able to roll her tongue
(dominant). John is also able to roll his tongue, but he has a convex
(Roman) nose (dominant). Of their four children, Ellen is just like
her father, and Dan is just like his mother. The other children—
Anne, who has a convex nose, and Peter, who has a straight nose
—are unable to roll their tongues. Please answer the following
questions about this family.
– What are the genotypes of Elizabeth and John?
– Elizabeth’s father was a straight-nosed roller, while her mother
was a convex-nosed non-roller. What can you figure out
about their genotypes?
– John’s father was a straight-nosed roller, while his mother was a
convex-nosed roller. What can you determine about their
genotypes?
– Diagram the three described generations of this family in
accepted pedigree form, including the phenotypes for these
two traits.