Innovative Project Presentation

DEVELOPMENT OF MATLAB MODEL TO

EVALUATE BIODIESEL YIELD FROM
FEEDSTOCK WITH DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS
by:
 

SOUVIK SAMADDER VAIBHAV SHARMA

2K20/THE/20 2K20/THE/22
 
 Introduction: BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable
oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles or any equipment that
operates on diesel fuel. Biodiesel's physical properties are similar to those of petroleum diesel.
“A fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or
animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751 .”

Advantages of Biodiesel
Energy Security and Balance: biodiesel has a positive energy
balance, For example: soybean Biodiesel yields 4.56 units of
energy for every unit of fossil energy consumed over its life
cycle.
Air Quality: Using biodiesel reduces life cycle emissions
because carbon dioxide released from biodiesel combustion is
offset by the carbon dioxide absorbed from growing soybeans or
other feed stocks used to produce the fuel. Life cycle analysis
completed by Argonne National Laboratory found that B100 use
reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 74% compared with
petroleum diesel.
Table 1: Energy Life-Cycle Assessment of Soybean Biodiesel,
Engine Operation :Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and raises United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural economic
the Cetane number of the fuel. Report Number 845

Safety: Biodiesel in its pure, unblended form causes far less

damage than petroleum diesel if spilled or released to the
environment.
 Disadvantages of Biodiesel
• High cost of production leading to higher price than conventional fuels ( mainly due to limited technology).
• Utilization of food crop can put more pressure on agricultural land, and even has potential to cause food

shortage due to high demand of crude petroleum, nearly 4.77 million barrels per day Source: International

Energy Statistics
• Not Suitable for Use in Low Temperatures as it gels in cold weather depending upon fat or oil used for its
production.
• Increased use of Fertilizers for production can cause damage to soil and water resources in long term.

Figure 1 Average Retail Fuel prices in US

Table 2 Average Retail Fuel prices in US

 LITERATURE REVIEW
In this study, Singh (2019) highlighted that among the all biodiesel
production processes; transesterification is the most suitable process,
because it produces biodiesel of high yield, comparable properties with
diesel and this process is also feasible as per economic point of view.
The energy demand of future can be met by the blending of different
generation oil feedstocks.

Balat (2017) made a detailed report about latest energy trend on global
level. Between 2000 and 2017, biofuel production increased 10-fold
from 16 billion to 143 billion liters. According to Rezania (2019) By
2016, the worldwide biodiesel production was over 32.6 million tons.
Moreover, the global biofuel market is estimated to grow at an annual
growth rate of 5.4% from 2017 to 2024, and the worldwide capacity of
biodiesel production is anticipated to reach 12 billion gallons by 2020.
 LITERATURE REVIEW (Contd)
Ahmed (2019) emphasized that since biodiesel is produced exclusively by vegetable
oil, animal fat, microbial oil, and waste oil, it is renewable and biodegradable. Even
though it has various benefits over conventional diesel fuel, yet numerous technical
challenges need to be resolved. Among them are the cost of oil, selection of appropriate
catalysts, and the development of a suitable technique for economical and efficient
synthesis of biodiesel fuel from the vast range of available feedstocks. As 60-80% cost
of biodiesel is due to its feedstock, selection of low cost and sustainable feedstock from
the vast varieties of available sources is the most challenging task to be achieved.

In the analytical study by Athar (2020) , the literature of the last twenty years was
thoroughly studied and reviewed to examine the status of biodiesel. This paper
discussed the availability of different biodiesel feedstocks and summarizes how their
characteristics affect biodiesel properties along with the criteria of their selection for
sustainable and low-cost production of biodiesel. . The review concludes with future
perspectives and suggestions regarding the selection criteria of feedstocks, catalysts,
and production techniques to make the production of biodiesel cost-effective, fast,
energy-efficient, more cleaner, less complex, and sustainable.
 LITERATURE GAP
After reviewing all the research paper relevant to this topic, we were able
to identify the most common and widely used feedstocks for biodiesel
production. An important thing that we noted is substantial difference in
biodiesel yield with variation in every specification associated with the
biodiesel production. Temperature and catalyst played the most crucial role
in the conversion process as slight difference in these conditions can lead
to different results. Considering the importance of all these variables on the
final yield percentage, and lack of tool or program that does contain all the
necessary information regarding the production of biodiesel, we decided to
develop a MATLAB program which can give us detailed description about
parameters required to be maintained for Biodiesel production from
various feedstocks and it does estimate the biodiesel yield. For the program
to give accurate and real results, we have studied more than 35 feedstocks
from a fair amount of research papers and publications, and then made an
attempt to compile all the information linked with biodiesel production
under a single user friendly interface.
 FEEDSTOCK
There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel
production. The following feedstocks have been studied for
conditions required and leading to different biodiesel yield
from same feedstock owing to variation in parameters:
 Jatropha curcas
Jatropha curcas L. is a small tree or large shrub, up to5–7m tall. It is a drought- resistant plant capable of surviving in abandoned and
fallowed agricultural lands. It is well adapted in arid and semi-arid conditions and has low fertility and moisture demand. It reaches its
maximum productivity by 5 years and can live 30–50 years. Seed production ranges from 0.1 t per hectare per year to more than 8ton per
hectare per year depending on the soil conditions. A research study by Atabani (2013) showed that one hectare of Jatropha curcas could
capture up to 25 tons of CO2 from the atmosphere every year (over a 20-year period).

Karanja
Pongamia pinnata, commonly known as karanja, is a medium-sized glabrous, perennial tree . Doshi (2013) found that the yield of oilseed
per tree is between 8 and 24 kg. The seeds of Pongamia pinnata contain around 30%–40% of oil. Pongamia pinnata oil is considered to be
less toxic and cheaper than Jatropha curcas oil, so it has become the subject of biodiesel research. Most of the physical and chemical
properties of the Pongamia pinnata oil are similar to those of the diesel fuel, however this oil is more viscous and produce higher carbon
residue. The seed oil content ranges between 30 and 40 wt%.

Mahua
Madhuca indica, commonly known as mahua or butternut tree, grows to a height of 10–15m. It belongs to the family Sapotaceae. The
Madhuca indica tree starts producing seeds after 10 years and continues for up to 60 year. An average yield of 800 kg/ha can be expected in a
Mahua plantation after a decade. From his work, Panigrahi (2014) concluded each tree yields about 20–40 kg of seed per year. Madhuca
indica seed contains 35% oil and 16% protein .
Castor
It originates in Africa but it is found in both wild and cultivated states in all the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Castor is a
small wooden tree that can reach a height of about 6m. The comparative advantage of Castor is that its growing period is much shorter than
that of Jatropha curcas and Karanja. Deligiannis (2009) considers castor is an ideal candidate for production of high value, industrial oil
feedstocks because of the very high oil content (48%–60%) of the seed, and the extremely high levels of potential oil production (500–1000 l
of oil/acre). Castor oil contains more oxygen than other oils and, therefore, Castor is oil and its derivatives are more soluble in alcohols
during the transesterification reactions

Neem
Neem tree is a majestic, evergreen, tropical forest tree, with a broad crown and a height of approximately 25 m. Neem tree normally begins
to bear fruit between 3 and 5 years and becomes fully productive in 10 years. Heroor (2013) said that from the 10th year onwards, it can
produce up to 50 kg of fruits annually. Neem seeds contain about 45% of a brownish-yellow of fixed oil, mainly constituted by oleic acid
(34.01%), palmitic acid (12.1%), stearic acid (12.95%), linoleic acid (38.26%).
 Jojoba
Kant (2010) said that this plant can yield 10kg of seed per year after 10 years . It is unique among plants in the fact that its seeds
contain about 50% of oil by weight, which is more than amount in soybean and somewhat more than in most oil seed crops. Jojoba oil
is practically colorless and odorless and it is composed mainly of straight chain monoesters of C20 and C22 acids and alcohols with
two double bonds.

Rubber seed oil

Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as rubber tree, is a fast growing tree that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the major
source of natural rubber and is native to the Amazon forests and is now widely cultivated in tropics across the world. Growing up to
34m in height, the tree requires heavy rainfall and produces seeds weighing from 2 to 4 g that do not currently have any major
industrial applications, as found by Moser (2011). Reksowardojo (2011) said that normal seed production yields vary from 70 to 500
kg per hectare per year while the annual Hevea brasiliensis seed production potential in India is about 150 kg per hectare. Apart from
its use in latex production for foreign exchange, Hevea brasiliensis tree produces oil-bearing seed whose oil content in dried kernel
varies from 35% to 45%. Hevea brasiliensis oil does not contain any unusual fatty acids, and its rich source of essential fatty acids
C18:2 and C18:3 that make up 52% of its total FFA composition.

Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacca):

Nicotiana tabacum, commonly referred to tobacco, is an annually grown herbaceous plant belonging to the Solanaceae family,
widespread in North and South America, commonly grown for the collection of leaves. The highest seed production is found in the
Nicotiana tabacum varieties used to obtain the chewing Nicotiana tabacum, reaching 1171 kg seeds per hectare, which corresponds to
432.9 kg oil per hectare as found by Zdremnan (2010). The seed oil content ranges between 33 and 40wt%. The major fatty acids in
seed triacylglycerols are linoleic acid (70.6%), oleic acid (17.1%), palmitic acid (7.9%), and stearic acid (3.1%).

Chinese Tallow tree

Sapium sebiferum (Linn.) Roxb (Chinese tallow tree) is also commonly referred to as Stillingia tree. It belongs to the Euphor- biaceae
family. The tree grows rapidly and can reach maturity within approximately 3–4years .It can generate economic yields in its productive
life span of which ranges between 70 and 100 years. The tree can be grown on marginal land is adapted to alkaline, saline, droughty,
and acidic soils. The tree is native to eastern Asia (China, Japan and, India) and grows well in the southern coastal United States to
prevent soil erosion. The tree produces 4–10 ton of seed every year as indicated by Liu (2009) in his studies. The seeds contain 45–
60% oil. Historically, the tree has been used in soap and candles making, herbal medicine and to prevent soil erosion. Currently, It has
been considered useful in the production of biodiesel because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world,
after algae and oil palm.
 Properties and characteristics of biodiesel (Produced through Transesterification)
Fig. 2: Flash Point(°C)
200 180
180 163 160 165
FLASH POINT: The flash point is the lowest 160
140 126 130
temperature at which fuel emits enough vapors to 120
ignite. According to Atabani (2013) Biodiesel has 100
a high flash point which is usually more than 80 61
60 55
150°C, while generally conventional diesel fuel has 40
a flash point of 55–66°C . 20
0
Jatropha Karanja Jojoba Castor Mahua Rubber Tobacco Diesel
Kinematic viscosity: Viscosity is defined as the Fig. 3:Viscosity (mm2/s)plant
resistance of liquid to flow. Kinematic viscosity is the
Diesel
most important property of biodiesel since it affects the Tobacco
operation of fuel injection equipment, particularly at Rubber plant
low temperatures when an increase in viscosity affects Mahua
Castor
the fluidity of the fuel. Moreover, Masjuki (2010) found Jojoba
that high viscosity may lead to the formation of soot Karanja
and engine deposits due to insufficient fuel Jatropha
atomization. It has been shown that the viscosity oil 0 5 10 15 20 25
methyl esters decreases sharply after transesterification
Fig. 4 Cetane Number
processes of biodiesel.
70 64 63.5
60 57 58
Cetane number: CN provides information about the 51 52 51
50
ignition delay (ID) time of a diesel fuel upon injection
40
into the combustion chamber. In his study, Pinzi (2009)
30
pointed that high CN implies short ignition delay. Fuels
20
with low CN tend to cause diesel knocking and show 10
increased gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions 0
(PM) due to incomplete combustion . Jatropha Karanja Jojoba Castor Mahua Tobacco Diesel
Density: Density is the relationship between the
Fig. 5: Density (kg/m3)
mass and volume of a liquid or a solid. Raj (2010)
emphasized that the density of diesel oil is Diesel 850
important because it gives an indication of the Tobacco 889
delay between the injection and combustion of Rubber Plant 860
the fuel in a diesel engine (ignition quality) and
Mahua 916
the energy per unit mass (specific energy)
Castor 913

Jojoba 866
Acid number: The acid number is a measure of the
Karanja 890
amount of carboxylic acid groups in a chemical
Jatropha 880
compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of
compounds. From research conducted by Ramos 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940
(2009) we can say that acid number can provide an
indication of the level of lubricant degradation
Fig. 6: Calorific Value (MJ/kg)
while the fuel is in service. Acid value or 50 47.38
neutralization number is expressed as mg KOH 45.5
45
required to neutralize 1g of fatty acid methyl 41.17
39.4 39.81
40 38.7
esters. Higher acid content can cause severe 35.56 36.5
corrosion in fuel supply system and internal 35
combustion engine. Lowest acid number is 30
0.001mgKOH/g for Terminalia catappa (Tropical 25
almond) and the highest is 2.141mgKOH/g for 20
Cuphea viscosissima (waxweed).
15

Calorific value: Calorific value is an important 10

parameter in the selection of a fuel. Ramadhas 5
(2005) found in his studies that the caloric value of 0
most biodiesel is lower than of diesel because of Jatropha Karanja Jojoba Castor Mahua Rubber Tobacco Diesel
Plant
its higher oxygen content .
Effect of feedstock characteristics on biodiesel
properties
• Gerpen (2004) [22] concluded that Cetane number is high for long-chain fatty
acids and increasing saturation. Various studies carried out by Karmakar (2010) and
Ramos (2008) regarding the variation of biodiesel properties with fatty acid
composition indicated that for highly unsaturated components (C18:2 and C18:3)
Cetane numbers are low. Oils that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids include grape
seed oils, sunflower oils, and soybean oils. Palm oil biodiesel has a very high
Cetane number due to the presence of saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid
(C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).

• The cloud point of alkyl ester synthesized from oils like soybean, linseed and
corn have been very low or close to 0°C as the amounts of saturated fatty acids like
palmitic acid, and stearic acid present is negligible. However, the cloud point of
biodiesel produced from tallow is higher than the biodiesel obtained from soybean
because of the presence of high amounts of saturated fatty acids in beef tallow. .
Shannon (2009) in simple words said, higher the amount of saturated fatty acids
higher is the cloud point.
• Biodiesel usually has a high flash point (150°C or higher). According to Shannon (2009),
biodiesel with a carbon chain length of less than 12 is liable for a lower flashpoint as
compared to C16 and C18 chain length, which dominate in biodiesel.

• The alkyl esters of palmitic acid and stearic acid are the very first to solidify on the cooling of
biodiesel and therefore, typically clog biodiesel fuel filters. Dunn (2015) concluded that Palm
oil biodiesel having a large percentage of stearic and palmitic acids shows one of the highest
cold flow plugging point ( CFPP ) values whereas biodiesel obtained from peanut, containing
a large number of alkyl esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids, shows the worst CFPP.

• The viscosity of biodiesel is lower than that of the vegetable oils. From his research work,
Knothe (2015)concluded that viscosity increases with carbon atoms present in chain length
and the alcohol moiety. Viscosity also increases with the degree of saturation. A configuration
like cis double-bond gives a lower viscosity than the trans double bond. This is useful for
biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil as typically this oil is, to some extent, hydrogenated
and contains a large quantity of trans fatty acid chains. Lee (1995) in his studies noted that
branching in the ester chain also affects viscosity, but to a smaller extent than unsaturation. .
Knothe (2005) studied the effect of presence of hydroxyl group in oil and concluded that the
presence of hydroxyl groups in the oil molecule (like in castor oil) also increase the viscosity.
 Transesterification Method for Biodiesel
Production
In the first step of the transesterification reaction as studied by Fukuda (2001), triglycerides
are converted to diglycerides, followed by the subsequent reaction of diglycerides into
monoglycerides and then to glycerol, resulting in one alkyl ester molecule from each
glyceride at every step.
Methanol, as well as ethanol, are the most common and normally used alcohols. Ethanol
is preferred over methanol for biodiesel as it can be produced from agricultural feedstocks.
However, in practice usually methanol is used due to its low cost as well as its physical and
chemical advantages. From his work, Lee (1995) found that biodiesel from methanol has
slightly higher cloud and pour points and slightly lower viscosities compared to those
obtained from ethanol. Also, methanol does not form an azeotrope, and it is easily recycled,
but ethanol forms an azeotrope with water. The transesterification reaction can take place
with or without a catalyst. The catalyst used can be alkaline, acidic, or enzymatic. The
transesterification reaction can be homogeneously or heterogeneously catalyzed according
to the solubility of the catalyst in the reactant. Both acidic and alkaline catalysts can either
be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending upon their solubility in the reactants.
Reactions can take place either in a single step with acid or basic catalyst or in two steps
with both acidic and basic catalysts depending on the FFA content of the oil .
 MATLAB INTERFACE
List of Biodiesel Feedstock supported in the program
The MATLAB program supports the following feedstocks and it appears as follow in the drop
down menu in the program.
 Comparison in yield for
same feedstock and same
catalyst

From above example of feedstock as

Jatropha oil we can conclude that when we
use catalyst Chromobactriumviscosum (an
enzymatic catalyst) it gives 11.8% higher
biodiesel yield as compared to catalyst
KOH. Like this we can compare for various
feedstocks and their catalyst using this
MATLAB interface.
 Base Catalyzed Transesterification

Figure 4 shows the MATLAB interface in which feedstock selected is waste cooking oil, and
catalyst selected is NaOH (base catalysed). After result we get the condition required for
biodiesel production are catalyst amount:1%, molar ratio of alcohol to oil: 20%, reaction
temperature as 60 °C, reaction time as 90 min, and biodiesel yield as 95.8%.
 Acid Catalyzed Transesterification

Figure 5 shows the MATLAB interface in which feedstock selected is karanja oil, and
catalyst selected is H2SO4 (acid catalysed). After result we get the condition required for
biodiesel production are catalyst amount:3%, molar ratio of alcohol to oil: 6:1, reaction
temperature as 60 °C, reaction time as 90 min, and biodiesel yield as 99.86%.
 Enzymatic Catalyzed Transesterification

Figure 6 shows the MATLAB interface in which feedstock selected is waste cooking oil,
and catalyst selected is Novozym 435 (an enzymatic catalyst). After result we get the
condition required for biodiesel production are catalyst amount:15%, molar ratio of
alcohol to oil: 3.8:1, reaction temperature as 12 °C, reaction time as 2670min, and
biodiesel yield as 99%.
 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS
TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESSES
 CONCLUSION
This program provides us all the necessary data essential for Biodiesel production, from
feedstock selection, choice of catalyst, to temperature, reaction time and yield of biodiesel owing to
variation in respect to parameters. It can be utilised in comparison of various parameters and yield of
biodiesel produced from same feedstock and same catalyst, and all this is compiled in an extremely
user friendly interface to ease the process. After exploring more than thirty five feedstocks and
variety of catalysts from acidic, basic, to enzymatic, we have prepared a conclusive list of most
productive biodiesel feedstock on the basis of yield from the available data in the program, and the
list is as follows:
 FUTURE PERPECTIVES
This does have the potential to serve as a common global data base
and platform where all the information associated with biodiesel
production can be stored via online program (after Validation). In future
we can also include other methods like supercritical method, co solvent
method of biodiesel production. The figures related to economic analysis
of various feedstocks can be connected with data base of this program so
that we have economic criteria for selection of feedstock. Another
parameter i.e., Geographical information pertaining to different feedstock
can also be compiled, which as a result provides facts and details
depending upon our location to ease the process of biodiesel production.
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