C++ Programming:

From Problem Analysis

to Program Design, Third Edition

Chapter 4: Control Structures I (Selection)

 Objectives
In this chapter you will:
• Learn about control structures
• Examine relational and logical operators
• Explore how to form and evaluate logical
(Boolean) expressions
• Discover how to use the selection control
structures if, if...else, and switch in a
program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 2

Control Structures

• A computer can proceed:

− In sequence
− Selectively (branch) - making a choice
− Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
• Some statements are executed only if certain
conditions are met
• A condition is represented by a logical
(Boolean) expression that can be true or false
• A condition is met if it evaluates to true
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 3
Relational Operators
• Relational operators:
− Allow comparisons
− Require two operands (binary)
− Return 1 if expression is true, 0 otherwise
• Comparing values of different data types may
produce unpredictable results
− For example, 8 < '5' should not be done
• Any nonzero value is treated as true

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 5

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 7
Comparing string Types
• Relational operators can be applied to strings
• Strings are compared character by character,
starting with the first character
• Comparison continues until either a mismatch is
found or all characters are found equal
• If two strings of different lengths are compared and
the comparison is equal to the last character of the
shorter string
− The shorter string is less than the larger string

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 9

string Comparison Example
• Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 10

Logical (Boolean) Operators
• Logical (Boolean) operators enable you to combine
logical expressions
• Three logical (Boolean) operators:
! - not
&& – and
|| - or
• Logical operators take logical values as operands and
yield logical values as results
• ! is unary; && and || are binary operators
• Putting ! in front of a logical expression reverses its
value

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 13

Precedence of Operators

• Relational and logical operators are

evaluated from left to right

• The associativity is left to right

• Parentheses can override precedence

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 18

Logical (Boolean) Expressions
(continued)
• Logical expressions can be unpredictable
• The following expression appears to represent
a comparison of 0, num, and 10:
0 <= num <= 10
• It always evaluates true because 0 <= num
evaluates to either 0 or 1, and 0 <= 10 is
true and 1 <= 10 is true
• A correct way to write this expression is:
0 <= num && num <= 10
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 21
One-Way (if) Selection

• The syntax of one-way selection is:

if (expression)

statement

• Statement is executed if the value of the

expression is true

• Statement is bypassed if the value is false;

program goes to the next statement
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 22
Two-Way (if…else) Selection

• Two-way selection takes the form:

if (expression)
statement1
else
statement2
• If expression is true, statement1 is executed
otherwise statement2 is executed
• statement1 and statement2 are any C++
statements
• else is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 26
Compound (Block of) Statement

• Compound statement (block of statements):

{
statement1;
statement2;
.
.
.
statementn;
}
• A compound statement is a single statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 29

Compound Statement Example
if (age > 18)
{
cout << "Eligible to vote." < <endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Not eligible to vote.“
<< endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 30

Nested if

• Nesting: one control statement in

another
• An else is associated with the most
recent if that has not been paired with
an else

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 31

Conditional Operator (?:)

• Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments

(ternary)
• Syntax for using the conditional operator:
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

• If expression1 is true, the result of the

conditional expression is expression2.
Otherwise, the result is expression3

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 33

switch Structures

• switch structure: alternate to if-else

• switch expression is evaluated first

• Value of the expression determines which

corresponding action is taken

• Expression is sometimes called the selector

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 34

switch Structures (continued)

• Expression value can be only integral

• Its value determines which statement is

selected for execution

• A particular case value should appear only

once

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 35

switch Structures (continued)

• One or more statements may follow a case

label
• Braces are not needed to turn multiple
statements into a single compound statement
• The break statement may or may not appear
after each statement
• switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 37

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char grade; cout << "Enter your grade: "; cin >> grade; cout << endl;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your grade is A." << endl;
break;
case 'B':
cout << "Your grade is B." << endl;
break;
case 'C':
cout << "Your grade is C." << endl;
break;
case 'F':
case 'f':
cout << "Your grade is C." << endl;
break;
default:
cout<<" The grade is invalid."<<endl;
}
return 0; C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 38
Summary

• Control structures alter normal control flow

• Most common control structures are selection
and repetition
• Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, !=
• Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0
(false)
• Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 39

Summary (continued)

• Two selection structures: one-way selection

and two-way selection
• The expression in an if or if...else
structure is usually a logical expression
• No else statement in C++. Every else has
a related if
• A sequence of statements enclosed between
braces, { and }, is called a compound
statement or block of statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 40

Summary (continued)

• Using assignment in place of the equality

operator creates a semantic error
• switch structure handles multiway selection
• break statement ends switch statement

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 41