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Anything That Occupies Space and Has Mass Is Called Matter. For Example: Chair, Bed, River, Mountain, Dog, Tree, Building, Etc

Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms that are constantly in motion. There are three main states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - which are determined by how closely or loosely packed the particles are and the strength of forces between them. The state of matter can be changed through the application of heat or pressure, such as melting a solid into a liquid or boiling a liquid into a gas. Phase changes, like melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation involve input or release of energy in the form of heat.

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103 views14 pages

Anything That Occupies Space and Has Mass Is Called Matter. For Example: Chair, Bed, River, Mountain, Dog, Tree, Building, Etc

Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms that are constantly in motion. There are three main states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - which are determined by how closely or loosely packed the particles are and the strength of forces between them. The state of matter can be changed through the application of heat or pressure, such as melting a solid into a liquid or boiling a liquid into a gas. Phase changes, like melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation involve input or release of energy in the form of heat.

Uploaded by

kala
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATTER:

→ Anything that occupies space and


has mass is called matter.

→ For example: Chair, bed, river,


mountain, dog, tree, building, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER:

→ Matter is made up of small particles called atoms.

→ These particles are too small to be observed with naked eye.

→ These particles are constantly moving constantly.

→ These particles have spaces between them.

→ Particles of matter attract each other because of the force of


attraction.
Three States of Matter:
Basis of Classification of Matter:

→ Based upon particle arrangement

→ Based upon energy of particles

→ Based upon distance between particles


Solid Liquid Gas
Constituent particles Constituent particles Constituent particles
are very closely are less closely are far apart from each
packed. packed. other.
Force of attraction Force of attraction Force of attraction
between particles is between particles is between particles is
very strong. less strong. negligible.
Force of attraction Kinetic energy Particles have
between particles is between particles is maximum kinetic
very strong. Thus more than that in energy.
kinetic energy is less. solids.
Have definite shape Do not have definite Neither have definite
and volume. shape but definite shape nor definite
volume. volume.
Incompressible. Almost Highly compressible.
incompressible.
Diffusion:
Particles of matter intermix on
their own with each other. They do
so by getting into the spaces
between the particles. This
intermixing of particles of two
different types of matter on their
own is called diffusion. 
Dissolving a solid in a liquid:
→ When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in
a beaker of water, the water slowly turns purple on its
own, even without stirring.
→ Both potassium permanganate crystal and water are
made up of tiny particles.
→ When the potassium permanganate crystal is put in
water, the purple colored particles of potassium
permanganate spread throughout water making the whole
water look purple.
→ Actually, on dissolving, the particles of potassium
permanganate get into the spaces between the particles of
water.
→ This shows that the particles have spaces between them
and are continuously moving on their own.
Mixing of two gases:
→ Fragrance of an incense stick (agarbatti)
lightened in one corner of a room, spreads
in the whole room quickly.
→ The particles of gases (or vapours)
produced by burning the incense stick move
rapidly in all directions and mix with the
moving particles of air in the room
→ This also shows that the particles of
matter are constantly moving.
CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER -:
Physical states of matter can be
Interconverted into each other by following two ways -:

1. By changing the temperature


2. By changing the pressure
Effect of Change of Temperature:
• Solid to liquid:
• → On increasing the temperature of solids, the
kinetic energy of the particles increases which
overcomes the forces of attraction between the
particles thereby solid gets converted to a liquid.
• → Melting: Change of solid state of a substance
into liquid is called melting.
• → Melting point: The temperature at which a
solid melts to become a liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
• → Melting point of ice is 0oc.
(a) Liquid to gas:

• → On heating a liquid like water, the kinetic


energy of its particles increases as high as in a
gas, thus causing the liquid to change to a gas.
• → Boiling: The change of a liquid substance into
gas on heating is called boiling.
• → Boiling point: The temperature at which a
liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at the
atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point.
• → Boiling point if water is 100oC.
(b) Gas to liquid:

• → On cooling a gas like steam (or water


vapour), the kinetic energy of its particles
is lowered down, causing them to move
slowly and bringing them closer, forming a
liquid.
• → Condensation: The process, in which a
gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a
specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
(c) Liquid to solid:

• → When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its


temperature, its particles lose the kinetic energy
and come to a stationary position, causing the
liquid to turn to soilid.
• Freezing: The change of a liquid substance into
soilid by lowering its temperature is called
freezing.
• Freezing point: The temperature at which the
state of a substance changes from a liquid to a
solid is called the freezing point of that
substance.
• Fusion:The process of melting, that is, change of
solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
• Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to
convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure, at its melting point, is
known as the latent heat of fusion
• Latent heat of vaporisation: The heat energy
required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at
atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point, is known
as the latent heat of vaporisation
• Sublimation: The change of state of a substance
directly from a solid to gas or gas to solid, without
changing into the liquid state, is
called sublimation. 

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