MICROGRID

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P R E S E N T E D B Y: P R I N C E J H O N M A N D I N G & N AT H A L I A S A N T I A G O 1
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What is Microgrid?
AC & DC Microgrid?
Microgrid Technologies

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What is a Microgrid?
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“It is a group of interconnected loads and

distributed energy resources that acts as a
single controllable entity with respect to the
grid. It can connect and disconnect from the
grid to operate in grid-connected or island
mode”
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

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GRID
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MicroGrid Central
Controller (MGCC)

Distributed Generation

Distributed Storage

Distribution Lines

Loads

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titleof Micro
style Grid Components
 Distributed Generation (DGs)
a). Conventional DG ex. b). Non Conventional DG ex.
Hydroelectric power
Solar farm

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style Grid Components
 Distributed Storage (DS)

a). Long term storage ex. b). Short term storage ex.
Battery Bank Supercapacitors

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Micro
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edit Challenges and Opportunities
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 AC VS DC
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AC ADVANTAGE DC DISADVANTAGE
Capability of integrating Lower compatibility
Compatibility with AC equipment Greater likelihood of voltage drop
No inverter requirement Greater complexity and costs
Cost efficiency The higher initial investment
Higher load availability Immature power protection systems

AC DISADVANTAGE DC ADVANTAGE
Higher conversion efficiency
Lower conversion efficiency
Lower cost converter systems
Expensive converters Convenient controllability system
Difficult controllability Higher power supply reliability
Lower power supply reliability Higher transmission efficiency
Lower transmission efficiency
Relatively small cabling

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DC MicroGrid
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DC apartment building provides low-income families
with solar power and a resilience center. Solar panels on
the roof of the Jubilee apartment building.

American Honda’s Torrance, Calif. campus features more than

6,000 solar panels.

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MicroGrid

APA AUSTRALIA MINE SBRC BUILDING

MICROGRID

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SenatetoBill
Click edit1928 proposed
Master titleMicrogrid
style Systems Act
microgrid systems providers will be allowed to operate in any area where there is either no electricity access at
all or where the power connection does not provide 24/7 electricity supply.

-currently under legislation will, if enacted, set up a new policy framework to promote renewable hybrid mini-
grids to provide reliable electricity to communities on remote islands. At the beginning of January 2020, the
Senate Committee on Energy was finalizing the Committee Report on the bill, which will then go through the
necessary legislative processes before it becomes law. The bill targets unserved and underserved areas
nationwide, thus, any areas without access to reliable electricity are within the scope including those
designated under the missionary electrification policy.

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Technologies

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ClickStandards
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Microgrids

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TYPE STANDARD DESCRIPTION SCOPE
1547.1 Conformance test
1547.2.Application guide
1547.3.Monitoring and control
1547.4.Design,operationand integration of DERs
1547.5.Interconnection guidelines for electric power
Criteria and requirements
AC and
IEEE 1547 for interconnection of DERs sources greater than 10MVA
DC 1547.6.Interconnection with distribution secondary networks
with the maingrid

1547.7.Distribution impact studies for interconnection of DERs

1547.8.Recommended practice for establishing methods and procedures

Definitions and indicative values for a number of power quality phenomena in LV and MV
networks
Voltage characteristics of
Limits for power frequency,voltage variations,harmonics voltage, voltage unbalance, flicker
AC EN50160 electricity supplied by
and mains signalling
public distribution networks

Safety function and integrity requirements

General conditions or rules  
necessary for achieving Compatibility levels
AC IEC 61000
Electromagnetic Emission and immunity limits
compatibility Measurement and testing techniques
Installation guidelines,mitigation methods and devices
Establishment ofconsumer service requirements and supply methods
Protective relaying of utility-
AC IEEE C37.95
consumer interconnections
Protection system design considerations 1818
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TYPE STANDARD DESCRIPTION SCOPE
Environmental engineering(EE),
Power supply interface at the input
ETSIEN 300132- to telecommunications and
DC Datacom (ICT) equipment; Definition of DC interface up to DC 400V
3-1

Part 3; Subpart1: Direct current

source up to 400V
DC bus voltage limits consideration
Guidelines for testing powered equipment behaviour for abnormal operating
conditions and stress
Interiors and occupied spaces where lighting and control loads dominate the need
for DC electricity
EPRI and Standard for 400Vdc in buildings Data centres and telecom centraloffices with their DC-powered information and
DC
Emergence (under construction) communications technology equipment
Outdoor electrical uses,including electric vehicle charging and outdoor light-emitting
diode(LED) lighting
Building services,utilities,and HVAC with variable-speed drive and electronic DC
motorised equipment
Align and coordinate activities in many areas where LVDC is used such as green
data centres, commercial buildings, electricity storage for all mobile products
(withbatteries), all mobile products with batteries, lighting, multimedia, ICT etc. with
electronic supply electric vehicles, and so forth, including units
LVDC distribution system up to Measuring methods
DC IEC SG4
1500V (under construction)
Architecture:100% DC or hybrid Grounding
Operation and life cycle of the equipment
Protective measurements for hazards for LVDC distribution systems
The impact of DC(corrosion, insulation, etc.)
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7.5.4 title style
Microgrid Systems

• 7.5.4.1 System Operation.Microgrid systems shall be permitted to

disconnect from the primary source of power or other interconnected
electric power production sources and operate as a separate
microgrid system.
• 7.5.4.11 Primary Power Source Connection. Connections to
primary power sources that are external to the microgrid system shall
comply with the requirements of 7.5.1.12 (Point of Connection).
• 7.5.4.16 Reconnection to Primary Power Source. Microgrid
systems that reconnect to primary power sources shall be provided
with necessary equipment to establish a synchronous transition.
• 7.5.4.21Microgrid Interconnect Devices(MID). Microgrid
interconnect devices shall comply with the following:
• 1)Be required for any connection between a microgrid system and a
primary power source
• 2)Be listed or field labeled for the application
• 3)Have sufficient number of overcurrent devices located to provide
overcurrent protection from all sources.
2020
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Main Technologies of Renewable and Non-

Renewable Distributed Generators and
Distributed Storages

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MAIN
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TECHNOLOGIES Master title style
OF STORAGE
SYSTEMS USED
IN MICROGRIDS
UK = United Kingdom, US = United
States.
a TES: thermal energy storage.

b PHS: pumped hydro storage.

c CAES: compressed air energy storage.

d Pb-acid battery: lead-acid battery.

e Ni-Cd battery: nickel-cadmium battery.

f Na-S battery: sodium-sulfur battery.

g Li-ion battery: lithium-ion battery.

h SMES: Superconducting magnetic

energy storage

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Main Power Converters Topologies For

Distributed Generators and Distributed Storage

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Topologies For Photovoltaic

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Topologies For Wind

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Topologies For Microturbines

Microturbine

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Power Converters Topologies For Batteries
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 Power Converters Topologies For Flywheel
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SOURCE: RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews43(2015)726–749
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Topologies For Fuel Cell

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Design Master title style
a Microgrid
Lifecycle of a Microgrid Project Implementation

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 Demand forecasting  Technical design

 Number of customers  Microgrid controller architecture and
 Length of circuits  Power technology
 Load analysis (e.g., critical, controllable, high efficiency, etc.)  Voltage levels
 Generation capacity sizing  Feeder configuration
• Generation mix
 Desired power quality and reliability levels
• DER sizing and design Optimal sizing of PV and wind
 Protection methods
• Nonrenewable generation sizing
 Communications technology
 Energy storage devices selection, combination, and sizing
 Distribution system modeling, simulation, and design
• Standby power loss
 Impact studies
• Response time

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Microgrid Control Types by Design Architecture
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 Key Differences between Centralized and Decentralized Microgrid Control

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DRAS = demand-response automation server

ADR = automated demand-response
DER = distributed energy resources
PEV = plug-in electric vehicle
AGC = automatic gain control,
DER-CAM = distributed energy
resources customer adoption model
EVSEs = electric vehicle supply equipment
ISO = independent system operator

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Typical Sequence of Events for MicroGrid Restoration

SEND CONTROL CONNECTION TO

EVALUATION SIGNAL STORAGE UNIT

CONNECTION TO LOADS SYNCHRONIZATION

SYNCHRONIZATION
AND NON-controllable OF controllable
TO MAIN GRID
microsource microsource

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Benefits of a MicroGrid
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• Provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy
• Improve the operation and stability of the regional electric grid
• Critical infrastructure that increases reliability and resilience
• Reduce grid “congestion” and peak loads
• Integrate CHP, renewables, thermal and electric storage, and advanced system and building controls
• Make RTO (Regional Transmission Organization) markets more competitive
• Offer grid services including: energy, capacity, and ancillary services
• Support places of refuge in regional crises and first responders
• Use local energy resources and jobs
• When properly designed, a regional power grid that combines both large central plants and distributed
microgrids can be built with: less total capital cost, less installed generation, higher capacity factor on
all assets, and higher reliability.

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Thank You!

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