ADMINISTER NETWORK HARDWARE

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK?

A Computer network
 is any collection of independent computers that
communicate with one another over a shared network
medium.
A System in which a number of independent Computers

are linked together to share data or information and

peripherals such as hard disks and printers.
Advantage of Networking:

 Share Documents
 Exchange e-mail messages
 Live audio and video broadcast
 Using one device for many computers like printer
 Sharing external memory like Hard disk.
 Security.
 Categorizing Network
Categorizing network by Functional Relationship:
1. Peer-to-Peer
2. Client-Server

Categorizing network by Its Coverage:

1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
3. WAN (Wind Area Network)
Con’t
Categorizing network by Network Topology:
1. Bus Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Hybrid Topology
1. Peer-to-Peer Networking (P2P)

Peer-to-Peer (or P2P) network

 is a simpler network in which each workstation has

equivalent capabilities and responsibilities.

 In other word a pure peer-to-peer file transfer

network does not have the notion of clients or

servers, but only equal peer nodes that
simultaneously function as both "clients" and
"servers“.
 Advantages of a peer-to-peer network
Less initial capital –
 no need for a dedicated server

No need for system administration (server) Setup-

 an operating system (such as windows XP) already in

place may only need to be configured for peer-to-peer

operations.
The way security established –
 users can set their own security and shared resources can

exist on any computer rather than a centralized server

only.
 Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network

 Decentralized – no central repository for the files

and application.
 Security – does not provide the security available
on a client/server network.
 2. Client-Server Network

 In the environment with more than 10 users, a peer

to peer network will not adequate. There need
comes to use a dedicated computer which
optimized (increase) the service of network to
clients quickly and ensure the security of files.
 Therefore, there will be one or more server
computers which serve other station (client)
computers to optimized network system.
 What is Server?
 Server is a dedicated computer that provide
resources to Network users or Client computers.
 Client:- is a computer or user in the network that
can access the network system.
Advantages of server-based network

 Centralized – resources and data security are controlled

through the server
 Scalability – any or all elements can be replaced
individually as need increase.
 Flexibility – new technology can be easily integrated
into system
 Interoperability – all components
(client/network/server) work together
 Accessibility – server can be accessed remotely and
across multiple platforms.
 Disadvantages of server-Based computer
networks

 Expensive – requires initial investment in dedicated

server
 Maintenance – large networks will require a staff to
ensure efficient operations
 Dependence- when a server goes down, operations
will cease across the network.
 Server may fail- incase the server failed, the entire
network goes down
 Types of Server:

 - File and Printer server

 - Mail server
 - Communication server
 - Application server
 - Fax server
 - Backup Server
 LAN (Local Area Network
A Local Area Network (LAN)
 is a network that is confined (restricted) to a

relatively small area.

 It is generally limited to a geographic area such as

a writing lab, school, or building.

 Rarely are LAN computers more than a A

kilometer apart.
 When using ethernet the computers are usually

wired to a hub or to a switch.

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

 Is a network that interconnects users with computer

resources in a geographic area or region larger than
that covered by even a large local area network
(LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide
area network (WAN).
 The term is applied to the interconnection of
networks in a city or town into a single larger
network.
 WAN (Wide Area Networks)
 Often a network (LAN) is located in multiple physical places.
Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are
geographically separate. This is accomplished by connecting
the different LANs using services such as dedicated leased
phone lines, dial-up phone lines, satellite links, and data
packet carrier services.
 Wide area networking can be as simple as a modem and
remote access server for employees to dial into, or it can be as
complex as hundreds of branch offices globally linked using
special routing protocols and filters to minimize the expense of
sending data sent over vast distances. Example Internet.
Categorizing network by Network Topology:

The term topology, or network topology:

 refers to the arrangement or physical layout of computers,

cables, and other components on the network.

 “Topology” is the standard term that most network professionals

use when they refer to the network’s basic design.

 In addition, the term “topology” you will find several other

terms that are used to define a network’s:

* Physical design
* Diagram
* Map
 1. Bus Topology
 It is often referred to as a “linear bus” because the computers
are connected in a straight line. This is the simplest and most
common method of networking computers.
 In a bus topology, all computers are connected to a shared
communication line, called a trunk or a backbone.
 The computers are connected to the backbone using T-
connectors.
 Both ends of the backbone use terminators in order to prevent
reflection of signals.
 There is no central device or any special configuration.
 Advantages

 A bus network is the cheapest of all topologies.

 No special configuration is required.
 It is easy to install, and no special equipment is

needed for installation.

 It needs less cable length than do other topologies.
 Disadvantages

A break in cable or a missing terminator can

bring down the entire network.
It is not possible to add or remove computers
without disrupting the network.
It is difficult to troubleshoot and administer.
.
 2. Star Topology
 In a star topology, computers (also called nodes)
connect to each other through a central device,
called a hub or a switch
 A star network is a local area network (LAN) in
which all nodes (workstations or other devices) are
directly connected to a common central Hub or
Switch.
 Every workstation is indirectly connected to each
other through the central Hub or Switch.
 Advantages

 A star network is easy to implement.

 It can be easily expanded without affecting
the network operation
 Failure of a single node or the connecting
cable does not affect the entire network’s
operation.
 It is easy to isolate nodes in order to troubleshoot
problems.
 Disadvantages
 Failure of the central device (hub or switch)
can bring down the entire network.
 The length of cable required is much more
than ring and bus networks because each node is
connected separately.
 Cable length from the central device can be a
limiting factor, depending on the type of cable
used.
 3. Ring Topology

 In a ring topology, each computer is connected to

its neighboring computer to form a logical ring.
 Data travels in the ring in a circular fashion
from one computer to another, forming a
logical ring.
 Advantages

 A ring network is relatively easy to install.

 There are fewer collisions because only one

computer transmits at a time.

Disadvantages
A break-in cable or a faulty computer can
bring down the entire network.
It is not as efficient as a star network.
It is difficult to troubleshoot a ring network.
 4. Mesh Topology
 In a mesh topology, all computers in the network
are connected to every other computer, forming a
mesh of connections.
 Each computer makes a point-to-point connection
to every other computer.
 Advantages
 A mesh network is highly reliable because of
redundant multiple paths between computers.
 The failure of a single computer or a cable fault
does not affect network operations.
 Computers can be added or removed without
affecting the network.
 Disadvantages
 It is difficult to install and troubleshoot.
 It is very expensive because of the length of cable
required to make multiple redundant connections.
 Only a limited number of computers can be
connected in a mesh topology.
 5. Hybrid Topology
 It is combination of any two or more network
topologies.
 These instances can occur where two
basic network topologies, when connected together,
can still retain the basic network character, and
therefore not be a hybrid network.
 Network Transmission Media
 Transmission Media is the physical path
between the transmitter and the receiver in a
data communication system.
 There are 2 basic categories of Transmission

Media:
1. Wire/Guided
2. Wireless/Unguided.
 1.Wire/Guided
 Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that
guides the data signals along a specific path.
 Guided Media is also known as Bound Media.

Cabling is meant wire cabling only.

 Commonly there are three types of guided

transmission cable:-
1. Twisted Pair Cable
2. Coaxial Cable
3. Optical fiber cable
 1. Twisted pair cable
 Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated
strands of copper wire twisted around each
other.
 The oldest, least expensive and most

commonly used transmission media.

 Two types of twisted-pair cable:-

I. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable

II. Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable
I. Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP)
 Is a set of three or four pairs of wires with each wire in each
pair twisted around the other to prevent electromagnetic
interface.
 UTP cabling uses RJ-45, RJ-11 connectors.
 Because it is less expensive and easier to install, UTP is the
more popular than Shielded Twisted pair (STP) or Coaxial
cabling.
 most popular and is generally the best option for school
networks.
 The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to
high-speed cable.
Con’t

 Depending on the bandwidth offered there are

seven types of UTP cables such as Cat-1,Cat-2,cat-
3,cat-4,cat-5,cat-6 and cat-7
 The Most commonly used UTP cables are
category-5 cables and its bandwidth is 1000Mbps.
II. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
cable
STP like UTP, also has four pairs of wires with each
pair twisted together. The difference is that STP is
surrounded with a foil shield and copper braided
around the wires that allows more protection from any
external electromagnetic interference.
Because of the shielding the cable is physically larger,
more difficult to install and expensive than UTP.
It Uses RJ-45 RJ-11 (telephone-type connectors).
(larger than telephone and consists of eight wires vs.
telephone’s 4 wires)
 2. Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable is braided-grounded standards of wire
that can provide some shielded and noise immunity;
however the installation and the termination of cable
itself can be costly.
 Coaxial cabling which uses connectors called
BNC(Bayonet Nut Connector) is known as, in forms
of Ethernet, thicknet and thinnet, in the older LAN
technology and cable TV.
 3. Fiber Optic
 Fiber optic cabling carries signal, which have been
converted from electrical to optical(pulses of light)
form.
 It consists of the core either an extremely thin
cylinder of glass or plastic layer called cladding.
 Protective buffer and jackets materials are used to
cover the cladding layer.
 It is the common cable used to network backbones
and can support up to 1000 stations, carrying signals
beyond 25km.
 Fiber connector include SC and ST.
 LAN cables and connectors general sumery of
cables
Cable Type Maximum Maximum Advantages Disadvantag Connector
Speed Cable length es used
STP 100Mbps 185m Resistant to Expensive D-shell
EMI connector
UTP 100Mbps 185m Inexpensive Not resistant RJ-45
Easy to to EMI connector
install
Resistant to
physical
stress
Coaxial 10Mbps 185m, 500m Easy to Not resistant BNC
or 10 km install to physical Connector
Less stress T-connector
sensitive to Expensive Terminator
EMI than compared to
UTP/STP UTP
Optical Fiber 155Mbps- 10km Resistant to Expensive SMA
1000Mbps depending on EMI Difficult to connector
the fiber type High data install
transfer rate
 Cabling system

There are three types of

Ethernet cablings system.
There are:
1. Straight-through cable
2. Crossover cable
3. Rolled cable
10 Base T: NIC 10 Base T: HUB port
port

1: Transmit 1: Receive
2: Transmit 2: Receive
3: Receive 3: Transmit
4: Not used 4: Not used
5: Not used 5: Not used
6: Receive 6: Transmit
7: Not used 7: Not used
8: Not used 8: Not used

A side B side
 1. Cross over cabling system
 Is used to connect similar devices.
 Example:
 Switch to switch
 Hub to hub
 Host to host
 Router direct to host
 Its color arrangement is A-Type with B-Type
 Con’t
A TYPE B TYPE
1. White Orange White Green

2. Orange Green

3. White Green White Orange

4. Blue Blue

5. White Blue . White Blue

6. Green Orange

7. White Brown White Brown

8. Brown . Brown
 2. Straight-Through cabling system
 Is used to connect different devices.
 Example:
-Host to switch or hub
-Router to switch or hub
 Its color arrangement is A-Type with A-Type or B-
Type with B-Type
A TYPE A TYPE
1. White Orange 1. White Orange

2. Orange 2. Orange

3. White Green 3. White Green

4. Blue 4. Blue

5. White Blue 5. White Blue

6. Green 6. Green

7. White Brown 7. White Brown

8. Brown 8. Brown
3. Rolled Cabling
 you can use a rolled Ethernet cable to connect a
host to a router console serial communication
(com) port.
Networking Components and Devices

We
continue
next class
Networking Components and Devices

 To complete our presentation of networking on a

physical level, the network devices used to create
networks are:
•CSU/DSU
•Hubs
•Wireless access points
•Switches (WAPs)
•Bridges •Modems
•Repeaters •Network interface
•Routers cards (NICs)
•Gateways Firewalls
 Hub
 are simple network devices, and their simplicity is reflected
in their low cost.
 Small hubs with four or five ports (often referred to as
workgroup hubs) provide everything needed to create a
small network.
 Most hubs are referred to as either active or passive.
 Active regenerate a signal before forwarding it to all the
ports on the device and requires a power supply.
 Passive hubs, which today are seen only on older networks,
do not need power and they don't regenerate the data signal
The basic function of a hub is to take data
from one of the connected devices and forward
it to all the other ports on the hub.
The method of sending data to all systems is
referred to as broadcasting.
 Switch
 As with a hub, computers connect to a switch via a
length of twisted-pair cable. Multiple switches are
often interconnected to create larger networks.
 It looks at the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses

of the devices connected to it to determine the correct

port.
 A MAC address is a unique number that is stamped

into every NIC. By forwarding data only to the system

to which the data is addressed, the switch decreases the
amount of traffic on each network link dramatically.
□Collisions occur on the network when two devices
attempt to transmit at the same time. Such collisions
cause the performance of the network to degrade.
□switches reduce the number of collisions that occur on
the network.
□Switches can also further improve performance over
the performance of hubs by using a mechanism called
full-duplex.
□On a standard network connection, the communication
between the system and the hub is said to be
half-duplex.
 Working with Hubs and Switches

 Hubs and switches have two types of ports: medium

dependent interface (MDI) or
uplink port and medium dependent interface crossed
(MDI-X).
 Uplink port allows you to connect two hubs and
switches to create larger network.
 Bridges
 Bridges are networking devices that connect networks.
 Sometimes it is necessary to divide networks into subnets to

reduce the amount of traffic on each larger subnet or for

security reasons.
 Today, network switches have largely replaced bridges.

 A bridge functions by blocking or forwarding data, based on

the destination MAC address written into each frame of data.

 The advantages of bridges are simple and significant. By

preventing unnecessary traffic from crossing onto other

network segments, a bridge can dramatically reduce the
amount of network traffic on a segment.
 Repeater
 Repeaters are usually used to strengthen signals going
long distances.
 A repeater amplifies the signal it receives on one port
before it transmits it on other ports.
 Because the repeater does not check on the contents of
the data it receives or retransmits, frames that are
corrupted by noise and other factors can also be repeated.
 The development of the hub replaced the repeater for all
practical purposes, because it performs the same
functions, and can include additional features.